Hydrochemical insights on the signatures and genesis of water resources in a high-altitude city on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, South-west China

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1848-8

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (7) : 88 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1848-8

Hydrochemical insights on the signatures and genesis of water resources in a high-altitude city on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, South-west China

Jiutan Liu, Kexin Lou, Zongjun Gao(

), Menghan Tan

College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

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Abstract

● Signatures and genesis of the hydrochemistry of water resources was determined.

● There is a mutual recharge relationship between groundwater and surface water.

● Water resources receive additional recharge from ice and snow melting.

● Rock weathering is the primary source of ions in bodies of water.

Water resources have crucial implications for the steady development of the urban social economy. This study investigated the hydrochemical signatures and genesis of water resources in the urban area of Lhasa City (UALC). To this end, several analyses, such as ion ratio analysis and correlation analysis, were performed by comprehensively applying mathematical statistics and integrated hydrochemical methods. The results show relatively low concentrations of major ions in the groundwater and surface water (GSW) of the UALC. The primary anions and cations are HCO₃^– and Ca²⁺, reflecting the HCO₃-Ca water type. Nevertheless, groundwater exhibits higher concentrations of key chemical components compared to surface water. GSW are weakly alkaline, with pH values of 7.78 and 7.61, respectively, and they have low salinity with average concentrations of total dissolved solids being 190.74 and 112.17 mg/L, respectively. Anthropogenic inputs have minimal influence on the hydrochemical features of GSW, whereas rock weathering is the dominant controlling factor. Furthermore, cation exchange is a significant hydrogeochemical process influencing their hydrochemical features. According to the isotope analysis (²H and ¹⁸O), the primary source of recharge for GSW is atmospheric precipitation, with some input from melted ice and snow. Moreover, GSW samples from the UALC show relatively similar ²H and ¹⁸O isotopic compositions, indicating the existence of a discernible hydraulic connection linking the two water sources. The research findings can serve as a valuable scientific reference and foundation for the sustainable development, effective utilization, and proper safeguarding of regional water resources in high-altitude areas.

Keywords Groundwater and surface water Hydrochemical features Genesis mechanism Water quality Urban area of Lhasa City

Corresponding Author(s): Zongjun Gao

About author:

Li Liu and Yanqing Liu contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 22 April 2024

Cite this article:

Jiutan Liu,Kexin Lou,Zongjun Gao, et al. Hydrochemical insights on the signatures and genesis of water resources in a high-altitude city on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, South-west China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(7): 88.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1848-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I7/88

Fig.1 Sampling locations of GSW in the UALC.

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of three−dimensional Quaternary structure in the UALC.

Fig.3 Flowchart of hydrochemical data analysis.

Tab.1 Statistical results of the main hydrochemical constituents

Fig.4 Box diagram illustrating the principal chemical constituents in GSW of the UALC.

Fig.5 Scatter plots of TH vs. TDS (a) and SO₄^2– vs. Cl^– + HCO₃^– (b) in GSW of the UALC.

Fig.6 Spatial pattern of total dissolved solids in GSW of the UALC.

Fig.7 Piper diagram of GSW samples of the UALC.

Fig.8 Relationship between δ²H and δ¹⁸O of GSW in the UALC.

Fig.9 Gibbs diagrams of GSW samples from the UALC.

Fig.10 (a–b) End-member diagram of water samples, (c–h) relationship diagram of the ratios of the main ions, (i) relationship between Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ − HCO₃⁻ − SO₄²⁻, and Na⁺ + K⁺ − Cl⁻, (j) CAI-1 vs. CAI-2, (k) saturation index, and (l) variation characteristics of NO₃⁻ concentration of water samples.

Fig.11 Correlation matrix diagram of water chemical composition in the UALC.

Tab.2 Rotation factor load matrix

Fig.12 (a) Plot of rotated principal factor of ground water, (b) plot of rotated principal factor of surface water and (c) plot of [Cl⁻/Na⁺] vs. [NO₃⁻/Na⁺].

Fig.13 Contributions of various sources to cations in GSW in the UALC

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