Metal-based direct hydrogen generation as unconventional high density energy

doi:10.1007/s11708-018-0603-x

Front. Energy

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (1) : 27-53 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0603-x

REVIEW ARTICLE

Metal-based direct hydrogen generation as unconventional high density energy

Shuo XU¹, Jing LIU²(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
². Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

Metals are unconventional hydrogen production materials which are of high energy densities. This paper comprehensively reviewed and digested the latest researches of the metal-based direct hydrogen generation and the unconventional energy utilization ways thus enabled. According to the metal activities, the reaction conditions of metals were generalized into three categories. The first ones refer to those which would violently react with water at ambient temperature. The second ones start to react with water after certain pretreatments. The third ones can only react with steam under somewhat harsh conditions. To interpret the metal-water reaction mechanisms at the molecular scale, the molecule dynamics simulation and computational quantum chemistry were introduced as representative theoretical analytical tools. Besides, the state-of-the-art of the metal-water reaction was presented with several ordinary metals as illustration examples, including the material treatment technologies and the evaluations of hydrogen evolution performances. Moreover, the energy capacities of various metals were summarized, and the application potentials of the metal-based direct hydrogen production approach were explored. Furthermore, the challenges lying behind this unconventional hydrogen generation method and energy strategy were raised, which outlined promising directions worth of further endeavors. Overall, active metals like Na and K are appropriate for rapid hydrogen production occasions. Of these metals discussed, Al, Mg and their alloys offer the most promising hydrogen generation route for clean and efficient propulsion and real-time power source. In the long run, there exists plenty of space for developing future energy technology along this direction.

Keywords metal hydrogen generation hydrolysis metal water reaction clean energy

Corresponding Author(s): Jing LIU

Online First Date: 25 December 2018 Issue Date: 20 March 2019

Cite this article:

Shuo XU,Jing LIU. Metal-based direct hydrogen generation as unconventional high density energy[J]. Front. Energy, 2019, 13(1): 27-53.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/10.1007/s11708-018-0603-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fie/EN/Y2019/V13/I1/27

Fig.1 Electronegative table of the elements [10]

Tab.1 Activation energy of several ordinary metal-water reactions [11]

Fig.2 Illustrations of the water dissociation mechanism on Al(111) surface

Fig.3 Mechanisms and paths of metal-water reactions

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of two reaction regions between Na/Ti nanofluid with water (adapted with permission from Ref. [27])

Fig.5 Experimental setup that produces hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cell energy system from Mg-H₂O reaction (adapted with permission from Ref. [36])

Fig.6 SEM images of Al scraps pretreated with different approaches

Fig.7 Illustration of three stages of Al-H₂O reaction according to different reaction rates (adapted with permission from Ref. [64])

Fig.8 SEM graphs of Al powders activated by Ga

Fig.9 Effects of different factors on hydrogen generation performances from Al-water reaction

Fig.10 Schematic diagram of a two-step hydrogen generation route based on water splitting thermochemical cycle of Zn/ZnO (adapted with permission from Ref. [131])

Fig.11 Phase boundaries of Fe, FeO and Fe₃O₄ (adapted with permission from Ref. [139])

Fig.12 Hydrogen production capacity and energy density stored in several typical metals

Fig.13 Application fields of hydrogen

Fig.14 Power supply from metal-combustion for engines in various scales (adapted with permission from Ref. [153])

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