Synthesis of porous flower-like SnO<sub>2</sub>/CdSnO<sub>3</sub> microstructures with excellent sensing performances for volatile organic compounds

doi:10.1007/s11706-024-0677-9

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (1) : 240677 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-024-0677-9

Synthesis of porous flower-like SnO₂/CdSnO₃ microstructures with excellent sensing performances for volatile organic compounds

Jie Wan¹, Gang Wang¹(

), Haibo Ren^1,³(

), Jiarui Huang², Sang Woo Joo³(

)

¹. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
². Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
³. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeoungbuk 712749, Republic of Korea

Download: PDF(9177 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Porous flower-like SnO₂/CdSnO₃ microstructures self-assembled by uniform nanosheets were synthesized using a hydrothermal process followed by calcination, and the sensing performance was measured when a gas sensor, based on such microstructures, was exposed to various volatile organic compound (VOC) gases. The response value was found to reach as high as 100.1 when the SnO₂/CdSnO₃ sensor was used to detect 100 ppm formaldehyde gas, much larger than those of other tested VOC gases, indicating the high gas sensitivity possessed by this sensor especially in the detection of formaldehyde gas. Meanwhile, the response/recovery process was fast with the response time and recovery time of only 13 and 21 s, respectively. The excellent gas sensing performance derive from the advantages of SnO₂/CdSnO₃, such as abundant n–n heterojunctions built at the interface, high available specific surface area, abundant porosity, large pore size, and rich reactive oxygen species, as well as joint effects arising from SnO₂ and CdSnO₃, suggesting that such porous flower-like SnO₂/CdSnO₃ microstructures composed of nanosheets have a high potential for developing gas sensors.

Keywords SnO₂/CdSnO₃ porous flower-like microstructure volatile organic gas sensing property gas sensor

Corresponding Author(s): Gang Wang,Haibo Ren,Sang Woo Joo

Issue Date: 30 April 2024

Cite this article:

Jie Wan,Gang Wang,Haibo Ren, et al. Synthesis of porous flower-like SnO₂/CdSnO₃ microstructures with excellent sensing performances for volatile organic compounds[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2024, 18(1): 240677.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-024-0677-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2024/V18/I1/240677

Fig.1 (a) XRD patterns of SnO₂ and final SnO₂/CdSnO₃ samples (CdSnO₃ peaks were marked with asterisks). (b) EDS result of the SnO₂/CdSnO₃ sample.

Fig.2 Representative SEM images of (a)(b) precursor, (c)(d) vulcanization product, and (e)(f) SnO₂/CdSnO₃ sample.

Fig.3 (a)(b) TEM and (c) lattice-resolved HRTEM images of the SnO₂/CdSnO₃ sample. (d) EDS elemental mapping images of SnO₂/CdSnO₃ microflowers.

Fig.4 XPS results of SnO₂/CdSnO₃ microflowers: (a) survey spectrum; (b) Sn 3d, (c) Cd 3d, and (d) O 1s spectra.

Fig.5 N₂ adsorption?desorption isotherms of (a) flower-like SnO₂/CdSnO₃ composites and (b) pure flower-like SnO₂ (the insets are corresponding pore size distributions).

Fig.6 (a) UV–Vis absorbance spectra of SnO₂/CdSnO₃ and pure SnO₂. Bandgap determinations from (αhv)² versus hv plots of (b) SnO₂/CdSnO₃ and (c) pure SnO₂.

Fig.7 (a) The working temperature dependency of R_a values of two tested sensors. (b) The working temperature dependency of R_a/R_g values of two tested sensors upon exposure to 100 ppm formaldehyde. (c) R_a/R_g values of two tested sensors upon exposure to eight kinds of gases at the concentration of 100 ppm. (d) Selectivity coefficients of the SnO₂/CdSnO₃ sensor upon exposure to different gases with the concentration of 100 ppm at 220 °C.

Tab.1 Responses of SnO₂-based gas sensors towards different concentrations of formaldehyde gas [3,13,29,32,39–44]

Fig.8 Real-time response curves of SnO₂/CdSnO₃ and pure SnO₂ sensors upon exposure to different concentrations of (a) formaldehyde, (b) isopropanol, (c) acetone, and (d) ethanol at their working temperatures. The insets present relationships between the sensor response and the gas concentration.

Fig.9 (a) Stability test on the SnO₂/CdSnO₃ sensor towards 100 ppm formaldehyde gas. (b) Relationships between the sensor response (S) and the formaldehyde concentration (c) for two sensors.

Fig.10 (a) Sensing mechanism and (b) band diagram of the SnO₂/CdSnO₃ sensor towards air or formaldehyde.

1	M, Khatib H Haick . Sensors for volatile organic compounds.ACS Nano, 2022, 16(5): 7080–7115 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c10827
2	M, Bastuck T, Baur M, Richter et al.. Comparison of ppb-level gas measurements with a metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensor in two independent laboratories.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2018, 273: 1037–1046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.06.097
3	C, Xiang T, Chen Y, Zhao et al.. Facile hydrothermal synthesis of SnO2 nanoflowers for low-concentration formaldehyde detection.Nanomaterials, 2022, 12(13): 2133 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12132133
4	W T, Lin R Y, Tsai H L, Chen et al.. Probabilistic prediction models and influence factors of indoor formaldehyde and VOC levels in newly renovated houses.Atmosphere, 2022, 13(5): 675 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050675
5	C M, Lou G L, Lei X H, Liu et al.. Design and optimization strategies of metal oxide semiconductor nanostructures for advanced formaldehyde sensors.Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2022, 452: 214280 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214280
6	Q T, Li W, Zeng Q, Zhou et al.. Highly sensitive ethanol sensing using NiO hollow spheres synthesized via hydrothermal method.Chemosensors, 2022, 10(8): 341 https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10080341
7	Z Y, Yuan C, Yang F L Meng . Strategies for improving the sensing performance of semiconductor gas sensors for high-performance formaldehyde detection: a review.Chemosensors, 2021, 9(7): 179 https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9070179
8	R, Kumar R, Mamta R, Kumari et al.. SnO2-based NO2 gas sensor with outstanding sensing performance at room temperature.Micromachines, 2023, 14(4): 728 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14040728
9	W F, Qin H M, Zhang X B, Li et al.. Surfactant modified hexagonal ZnO gas sensor for acetic acid.Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2023, 34(20): 1560 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10925-6
10	M Y, Wang Y Y, Zhu D, Meng et al.. A novel room temperature ethanol gas sensor based on 3D hierarchical flower-like TiO2 microstructures.Materials Letters, 2020, 277: 128372 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128372
11	H, Liu B, Liu P H, Li et al.. High sensitivity and anti-humidity gas sensor for nitrogen dioxide based on Ce/SnO2 nanomaterials.Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2022, 344: 113717 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113717
12	P, Su W, Li J, Zhang et al.. Chemiresistive gas sensor based on electrospun hollow SnO2 nanotubes for detecting NO at the ppb level.Vacuum, 2022, 199: 110961 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.110961
13	H P, Weng X M, Dong Y F, Sun et al.. Cross-linked SnO2 nanosheets modified by Ag nanoparticles for formaldehyde vapor detection.Chemosensors, 2023, 11(2): 116 https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020116
14	S C, Jin D, Wu W N, Song et al.. Superior acetone sensor based on hetero-interface of SnSe2/SnO2 quasi core shell nanoparticles for previewing diabetes.Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 621: 119–130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.057
15	J C, Hu H P, Wang M P, Chen et al.. Constructing hierarchical SnO2 nanoflowers for enhanced formaldehyde sensing performances.Materials Letters, 2020, 263: 126843 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126843
16	P F, Liu J B, Wang H, Jin et al.. SnO2 mesoporous nanoparticle-based gas sensor for highly sensitive and low concentration formaldehyde detection.RSC Advances, 2023, 13(4): 2256–2264 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA06745E
17	Y X, Tang Z J, Han Y, Qi et al.. Enhanced ppb-level formaldehyde sensing performance over Pt deposited SnO2 nanospheres.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 899: 163230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163230
18	S L, Yang G, Lei H X, Xu et al.. Metal oxide based heterojunctions for gas sensors: a review.Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(4): 1026 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11041026
19	L, Liu Y Y, Wang Y H, Liu et al.. Heteronanostructural metal oxide-based gas microsensors.Microsystems & Nanoengineering, 2022, 8(1): 85 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-022-00410-1
20	D, Meng D Y, Liu G S, Wang et al.. Low-temperature formaldehyde gas sensors based on NiO–SnO2 heterojunction microflowers assembled by thin porous nanosheets.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2018, 273: 418–428 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.06.030
21	N, Li Y, Fan Y, Shi et al.. A low temperature formaldehyde gas sensor based on hierarchical SnO/SnO2 nano-flowers assembled from ultrathin nanosheets: synthesis, sensing performance and mechanism.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2019, 294: 106–115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.04.061
22	D, Wang X X, Pu X, Yu et al.. Controlled preparation and gas sensitive properties of two-dimensional and cubic structure ZnSnO3.Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 608: 1074–1085 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.167
23	P, Hao Z G, Lin P, Song et al.. rGO-wrapped porous LaFeO3 microspheres for high-performance triethylamine gas sensors.Ceramics International, 2020, 46(7): 9363–9369 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.12.194
24	J B, Sun H X, Zhang X, Liu et al.. Porous CdSnO3 nanocubics synthesized under suitable pH value for targeted H2S detection.Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2022, 336: 113408 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113408
25	D, Meena M C, Bhatnagar B Singh . Synthesis, characterization and gas sensing properties of the rhombohedral ilmenite CdSnO3 nanoparticles.Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2020, 578: 411848 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2019.411848
26	G, Natu Y Y Wu . Photoelectrochemical study of the ilmenite polymorph of CdSnO3 and its photoanodic application in dye-sensitized solar cells.The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114(14): 6802–6807 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp912215w
27	J Y, Zhang B W, Zhang S J, Yao et al.. Improved triethylamine sensing properties of fish-scale-like porous SnO2 nanosheets by decorating with Ag nanoparticles.Journal of Materiomics, 2022, 8(2): 518–525 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2021.06.005
28	Y F, Zhao Y P, Sun X, Yin et al.. Effect of surfactants on the microstructures of hierarchical SnO2 blooming nanoflowers and their gas-sensing properties.Nanoscale Research Letters, 2018, 13(1): 250 https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2656-5
29	L, Xu M Y, Ge F, Zhang et al.. Nanostructured of SnO2/NiO composite as a highly selective formaldehyde gas sensor.Journal of Materials Research, 2020, 35(22): 3079–3090 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2020.239
30	A, Singh B C Yadav . Photo-responsive highly sensitive CO2 gas sensor based on SnO2@CdO heterostructures with DFT calculations.Surfaces and Interfaces, 2022, 34: 102368 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2022.102368
31	Z T, Wen H B, Ren D X, Li et al.. A highly efficient acetone gas sensor based on 2D porous ZnFe2O4 nanosheets.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2023, 379: 133287 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.133287
32	W, Liu X H, Si Z P, Chen et al.. Fabrication of a humidity-resistant formaldehyde gas sensor through layering a molecular sieve on 3D ordered macroporous SnO2 decorated with Au nanoparticles.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 919: 165788 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165788
33	M I, Nemufulwi H C, Swart G H Mhlongo . A comprehensive comparison study on magnetic behaviour, defects-related emission and Ni substitution to clarify the origin of enhanced acetone detection capabilities.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 339: 129860 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129860
34	H, Zhang S Y, Gao Z Y, Feng et al.. Room temperature detection of low-concentration H2S based on CuO functionalized ZnFe2O4 porous spheres.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2022, 368: 132100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132100
35	H B, Ren H P, Weng J R, Huang et al.. Synthesis of Au nanoparticle-modified porous TiO2 nanospheres for detection of toxic volatile organic vapors.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 919: 165843 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165843
36	J, Guo Y W, Li B, Jiang et al.. Xylene gas sensing properties of hydrothermal synthesized SnO2–Co3O4 microstructure.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2020, 310: 127780 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.127780
37	M L, Lei X R, Zhou Y D, Zou et al.. A facile construction of heterostructured ZnO/Co3O4 mesoporous spheres and superior acetone sensing performance.Chinese Chemical Letters, 2021, 32(6): 1998–2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.041
38	S M, Wang J, Cao W, Cui et al.. Constructing chinky zinc oxide hierarchical hexahedrons for highly sensitive formaldehyde gas detection.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 775: 402–410 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.122
39	P Y, Ren L L, Qi K R, You et al.. Hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical SnO2 nanostructures for improved formaldehyde gas sensing.Nanomaterials, 2022, 12(2): 228 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12020228
40	G J, Fan L F, Nie H, Wang et al.. Ce doped SnO/SnO2 heterojunctions for highly formaldehyde gas sensing at low temperature.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2022, 373: 132640 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132640
41	C X, Tian H Y, Li X A, Tian et al.. Promotion on formaldehyde sensing of 3D porous SnO2 by Eu doping.IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021, 21(19): 22032–22037 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3101004
42	S S, Jiao W, Xue C M, Zhang et al.. Improving the formaldehyde gas sensing performance of the ZnO/SnO2 nanoparticles by PdO decoration.Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2020, 34: 684–692
43	C M, Lou Q X, Huang Z S, Li et al.. Fe2O3-sensitized SnO2 nanosheets via atomic layer deposition for sensitive formaldehyde detection.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 345: 130429 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130429
44	L H, Zhou X, Chang W, Zheng et al.. Single atom Rh-sensitized SnO2 via atomic layer deposition for efficient formaldehyde detection.Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 475: 146300 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146300
45	H N, Bai H, Guo Y, Tan et al.. Facile synthesis of mesoporous CdS/PbS/SnO2 composites for high-selectivity H2 gas sensor.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 340: 129924 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129924
46	C, Wang Y L, Wang P F, Cheng et al.. In-situ generated TiO2/α-Fe2O3 heterojunction arrays for batch manufacturing of conductometric acetone gas sensors.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 340: 129926 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129926
47	Z T, Li W, Zeng Q T Li . SnO2 as a gas sensor in detection of volatile organic compounds: a review.Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2022, 346: 113845 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113845

[1]

FMS-24677-OF-Wj_suppl_1

Download

[1]	Wei Xiao, Wei Yang, Shantang Liu. High-sensitivity formaldehyde gas sensor based on Ce-doped urchin-like SnO₂ nanowires derived from calcination of Sn-MOFs[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2024, 18(1): 240676-.
[2]	Chaoqi ZHU, Xiang LI, Xiaoxia WANG, Huiyu SU, Chaofan MA, Xiang GUO, Changsheng XIE, Dawen ZENG. Ultrasensitive methyl salicylate gas sensing determined by Pd-doped SnO₂[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(4): 220625-.
[3]	Haibo REN, Huaipeng WENG, Pengfei ZHAO, Ruzhong ZUO, Xiaojing LU, Jiarui HUANG. Preparation of porous sea-urchin-like CuO/ZnO composite nanostructure consisting of numerous nanowires with improved gas-sensing performance[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(1): 220583-.
[4]	Yanqiu YU, Shantang LIU. Facile synthesis of Ni-doped SnO₂ nanorods and their high gas sensitivity to isopropanol[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(1): 220585-.
[5]	Chao WANG, Wu WANG, Ke HE, Shantang LIU. Pr-doped In₂O₃ nanocubes induce oxygen vacancies for enhancing triethylamine gas-sensing performance[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(2): 174-185.
[6]	Shaoming SHU, Chao WANG, Shantang LIU. Facile synthesis of perfect ZnSn(OH)₆ octahedral microcrystallines with controlled size and high sensing performance towards ethanol[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(2): 176-183.
[7]	Sunil Jagannath PATIL,Arun Vithal PATIL,Chandrakant Govindrao DIGHAVKAR,Kashinath Shravan THAKARE,Ratan Yadav BORASE,Sachin Jayaram NANDRE,Nishad Gopal DESHPANDE,Rajendra Ramdas AHIRE. Semiconductor metal oxide compounds based gas sensors: A literature review[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2015, 9(1): 14-37.
[8]	ZHANG Yinhong, HE Yunqiu. Micro-structure of graphite-intercalated tin oxide and its influence on SnO2-based gas sensors[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2007, 1(3): 297-303.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed