High-sensitivity formaldehyde gas sensor based on Ce-doped urchin-like SnO<sub>2</sub> nanowires derived from calcination of Sn-MOFs

doi:10.1007/s11706-024-0676-x

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (1) : 240676 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-024-0676-x

High-sensitivity formaldehyde gas sensor based on Ce-doped urchin-like SnO₂ nanowires derived from calcination of Sn-MOFs

Wei Xiao^1,², Wei Yang¹, Shantang Liu¹(

)

¹. Hubei Key Lab of Novel Reactor & Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
². Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China

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Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted widespread attention due to their regular structures, multiple material centers, and various ligands. They are always considered as one kind of ideal templates for developing highly sensitive and selective gas sensors. In this study, the advantages of MOFs with the high specific surface area (71.9891 m²·g⁻¹) and uniform morphology were fully utilized, and urchin-like SnO₂ nanowires were obtained by the hydrothermal method followed by the calcination using Sn-MOFs consisting of the ligand of C₉H₆O₆ (H₃BTC) and Sn/Ce center ions as sacrificial templates. This unique urchin-like nanowire structure facilitated gas diffusion and adsorption, resulting in superior gas sensitivity. A series of Ce-doped SnO₂ nanowires with different doping ratios were synthesized, and their gas sensing properties towards formaldehyde were studied. The resulted Ce-SnO₂ was revealed to have high sensitivity (201.2 at 250 °C), rapid response (4 s), long-term stability, and good repeatability for formaldehyde sensing, and the gas sensing mechanism of Ce-SnO₂ exposed to formaldehyde was also systematically discussed.

Keywords Ce-SnO₂ SnO₂ gas sensor formaldehyde Sn-MOF

Corresponding Author(s): Shantang Liu

Issue Date: 08 April 2024

Cite this article:

Wei Xiao,Wei Yang,Shantang Liu. High-sensitivity formaldehyde gas sensor based on Ce-doped urchin-like SnO₂ nanowires derived from calcination of Sn-MOFs[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2024, 18(1): 240676.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-024-0676-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2024/V18/I1/240676

Fig.1 (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of Ce-doped urchin-like SnO₂ nanowires. (b) Schematic diagram of the interdigital electrode sheet and the gas sensing test system.

Fig.2 Typical FESEM images of as-synthesized samples: (a)(e) pure SnO₂; (b)(f) Ce_0.5-SnO₂; (c)(g) Ce_1.5-SnO₂; (d)(h) Ce_2.5-SnO₂.

Fig.3 (a)(c) TEM images and (b)(d) HRTEM images of pure SnO₂ (upper panels) and Ce_1.5-SnO₂ (lower panels).

Fig.4 EDS element mapping images showing the homogenous distributions of O, Sn, and Ce.

Fig.5 (a) Full XRD patterns and (b) high-resolution XRD patterns revealing (1 1 0) and (1 0 1) crystalline planes of pure SnO₂, Ce_0.5-SnO₂, Ce₁.₀-SnO₂, Ce_1.5-SnO₂, Ce_2.0-SnO₂, and Ce_2.5-SnO₂.

Fig.6 XPS results: (a) full spectrum of Ce_1.5-SnO₂; (b) Ce 3d spectrum of Ce_1.5-SnO₂; (c) Sn 3d spectra of pure SnO₂ and Ce_1.5-SnO₂; (d) O 1s spectra of pure SnO₂ and Ce_1.5-SnO₂.

Fig.7 Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of (a) pure SnO₂ and (b) Ce_1.5-SnO₂ (insets: corresponding pore size distributions).

Fig.8 Response vs. temperature curves of pure SnO₂, Ce_0.5-SnO₂, Ce₁.₀-SnO₂, Ce_1.5-SnO₂, Ce_2.0-SnO₂, and Ce_2.5-SnO₂ gas sensors exposed to 100 ppm formaldehyde.

Fig.9 Relationships between the dynamic response and the gas concentration for (a) pure SnO₂ and (b) Ce_1.5-SnO₂ gas sensors exposed to 0.5–300 ppm formaldehyde at 250 °C.

Fig.10 Responses of sensors based on pure SnO₂, Ce_0.5-SnO₂, Ce₁.₀-SnO₂, Ce_1.5-SnO₂, Ce_2.0-SnO₂, and Ce_2.5-SnO₂ exposed to 100 ppm of different VOC gases at 250 °C.

Fig.11 (a) Response vs. time curves of Ce_1.5-SnO₂ exposed to 100 ppm formaldehyde at the optimal working temperature after six cycles of testing. (b) Long-term stability of two sensors exposed to 100 ppm formaldehyde at the optimal operating temperature.

Fig.12 Response vs. time curves of (a) pure SnO₂ and (b) Ce_1.5-SnO₂ gas sensors exposed to 100 ppm formaldehyde at the operating temperature.

Fig.13 Response vs. relative humidity curves of pure SnO₂ and Ce_1.5-SnO₂ gas sensors exposed to 100 ppm formaldehyde at the operating temperature.

Tab.1 Performance of other formaldehyde gas sensors reported in publications compared with that of the Ce_1.5-SnO₂-based gas sensor in this study exposed to formaldehyde [60–69]

Fig.14 Schematic diagrams of pure SnO₂ and Ce_1.5-SnO₂ when exposed to air and formaldehyde.

Fig.15 Schematic diagram of the synthesis processes of pure SnO₂ and Ce-doped urchin-like SnO₂ nanowires.

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