Formaldehyde vapour sensing property of electrospun NiO nanograins

doi:10.1007/s11706-021-0559-3

Front. Mater. Sci.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (3) : 416-430 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-021-0559-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Formaldehyde vapour sensing property of electrospun NiO nanograins

Roopa Kishore KAMPARA, Sonia T., Balamurugan D., Jeyaprakash B. G.(

)

Functional Nanomaterials Lab/School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India

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Abstract

Beads free polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/NiO nanofibers with an average diameter of 400 nm were successfully prepared through the electrospinning method. NiO nanograins were formed along the axis of the nanofiber due to the calcination of as-spun fibers for 24 h at 450 °C and their presence was confirmed by FESEM. NiO nanograins were characterized by XRD, XPS and FTIR. The characterization results showed the presence of NiO in nanograins and its polycrystalline nature with ionic states. The sensing studies of NiO nanograins were performed towards the pulmonary disease breath markers and they showed better response towards formaldehyde vapour at 350 °C. Calcined NiO grains showed a good response towards the 11–1145 ppm of formaldehyde vapour at the operating temperature of 350 °C. NiO nanograins also showed quick response time (37 s) and recovery time (14 s) towards 46 ppm of formaldehyde. A sensing mechanism was proposed for the formaldehyde vapour interaction at 350 °C with NiO nanograins.

Keywords electrospinning nanofibers nanograins PVA vapour sensor NiO formaldehyde

Corresponding Author(s): Jeyaprakash B. G.

Online First Date: 19 July 2021 Issue Date: 24 September 2021

Cite this article:

Roopa Kishore KAMPARA,Sonia T.,Balamurugan D., et al. Formaldehyde vapour sensing property of electrospun NiO nanograins[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2021, 15(3): 416-430.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-021-0559-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2021/V15/I3/416

Fig.1 (a) 20 mL of PVA/nickel acetate precursor solution, (b) as spun sample, (c) vacuum annealed at 50 °C sample, and (d) calcined at 450 °C sample.

Fig.2 FESEM images of samples and corresponding diameter distributions: (a)(b) PVA/NiO nanofibers vacuum annealed at 85 °C; (c)(d) PVA/NiO nanofibers calcined at 450 °C; (e)(f) NiO nanograins formed after calcination.

Fig.3 XRD pattern of the NiO nanograins.

Fig.4 TGA curves of (a) as spun PVA/NiO nanofibers and (b) calcined NiO nanograins.

Fig.5 (a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f) HRTEM images of NiO nanograins after calcination at 450 °C for 24 h (from low to high magnifications). (g) NiO nanograins lattice fringes and (h) SAED pattern of NiO nanograin.

Fig.6 XPS spectra: (a) NiO nanograins; (b) Ni 2p core spectrum; (c) O 1s and (d) deconvoluted peaks; (e) C 1s carbon peak.

Fig.7 FTIR spectra of calcined NiO nanograins.

Fig.8 Potential divider circuit to study the NiO nanograins sensing response.

Fig.9 Vapour sensing response of NiO nanograins in air, ethyl acetate, methanol, acetone, formaldehyde, and xylene.

Fig.10 (a) Transient response of NiO nanograins at 350 °C towards formaldehyde vapour for different concentrations. (b) NiO nanograins saturated response towards formaldehyde vapour concentration. (c) Response and recovery time at 350 °C for various concentrations of formaldehyde.

Fig.11 NiO nanograins sensing response towards 46 ppm of formaldehyde at 350 °C for 5 cycles.

Tab.1 Comparison of formaldehyde sensing characteristics of present work with literature [17,66–83]

Fig.12 Schematic representation of NiO nanograins with all possible arrangements: (a) in close contact; (b) point contact with small necks; (c) larger necks formation; (d) grain control model with the larger accumulation layer.

Fig.13 Band diagram between two NiO nanograins with chemisorbed oxygen species and towards formaldehyde vapour at 350 °C.

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