Electrospinning: An emerging technology to construct polymer-based nanofibrous scaffolds for diabetic wound healing

doi:10.1007/s11706-021-0540-1

Front. Mater. Sci.

2021, Vol. 15

Issue (1) : 10-35 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-021-0540-1

REVIEW ARTICLE

Electrospinning: An emerging technology to construct polymer-based nanofibrous scaffolds for diabetic wound healing

Atta ur Rehman KHAN¹, Yosry MORSI², Tonghe ZHU³, Aftab AHMAD⁴, Xianrui XIE¹, Fan YU¹, Xiumei MO¹(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
². Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Boroondara, VIC 3122, Australia
³. Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Materials of Shanghai University of Engineering Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
⁴. Department of Bioscience, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan

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Abstract

A chronic wound in diabetic patients is a major public health concern with socioeconomic and clinical manifestations. The underlying medical condition of diabetic patients deteriorates the wound through physiological, metabolic, molecular, and cellular pathologies. Consequently, a wound enters a vicious pathological inflammatory cycle. Many therapeutic approaches are in practice to manage diabetic wounds hence ensuring the regeneration process. Polymer-based biomaterials have come up with high therapeutic promises. Many efforts have been devoted, over the years, to build an effective wound healing material using polymers. The electrospinning technique, although not new, has turned out to be one of the most effective strategies in building wound healing biomaterials due to the special structural advantages of electrospun nanofibers over the other formulations. In this review, careful integration of all electrospinning approaches has been presented which will not only give an insight into the current updates but also be helpful in the development of new therapeutic material considering pathophysiological conditions of a diabetic wound.

Keywords diabetic wound healing inflammation polymers bioactive substances hydrogel electrospinning nanofibers

Corresponding Author(s): Xiumei MO

Online First Date: 11 February 2021 Issue Date: 11 March 2021

Cite this article:

Atta ur Rehman KHAN,Yosry MORSI,Tonghe ZHU, et al. Electrospinning: An emerging technology to construct polymer-based nanofibrous scaffolds for diabetic wound healing[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2021, 15(1): 10-35.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-021-0540-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2021/V15/I1/10

Fig.1 Images displaying the events at various phases of wound healing and role of biomaterials during the healing process: (a) Schematic representation of the role of various dressing materials at various phases of wound healing. (b) The description of specific roles played by biomaterials, at various levels, during the wound healing process. Reproduced from Ref. [²⁵] with permission of Elsevier.

Fig.2 Representative image showing the DW environment. Cause and effect are represented by arrows.

Fig.3 The typical electrospinning setup comprises syringe, pump, collector, and power supply.

Fig.4 An overview of various system requirements and parameters of electrospinning affecting the fabrication and characteristics of resultant fibers.

Fig.5 An overview of applications of electrospun nanofibers with a special focus on biomedical applications.

Fig.6 An illustration of various loading techniques for bioactive substances in electrospun nanofibers.

Fig.7 Images displaying the angiogenetic potential through various model: (a) Representative image showing the angiogenetic potential of PHBV/nCeO₂-1 material on the CAM model. Reproduced from Ref. [⁷⁰] with permission of American Chemical Society. (b) Fluorescent image representing tube formation on PC and PCD groups on two-time lines. Reproduced from Ref. [⁷⁹] with permission of John Wiley and Sons. (c) Image showing immunofluorescence staining of CD31 at 7 and 15 d after surgery. The green color shows a positive area for CD31 depicting blood vessels, nuclei labeled as blue whereas red arrows mark the vascularized area. Reproduced from Ref. [⁸²] with permission of Elsevier.

Tab.1 Role of various growth factors in the wound healing process [⁷–⁹,⁹⁴–¹⁰⁷]

Fig.8 Images displaying the impact of nanofibrous membrane on various in vivo and in vitro studies: (A) Representative images of the size of the wound, blank and treated with the material, recorded at various time points. Reproduced from Ref. [⁸³] with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry. (B) Images of histocompatibility and bio-absorbability analysis of 10% loaded NAG-PL membrane in vivo: Subcutaneous implantation of 10 NAG-PL scaffolds in mice for 7, 14 and 28 d with green arrows pointed toward the location of scaffolds (a); Masson’s trichrome staining of the scaffolds at 7, 14 and 28 d with green arrows pointed to the collagen infiltration (original magnification ×100) (b). Reproduced from Ref. [⁹²] with permission of Elsevier. (C) Effect of MMP-9 content noted on day 14: DAPI-labeled nuclei (blue) (d–f); Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody (orange) (g–i); RhPDGF-BB-eluting PLGA-collagen hybrid scaffold up-regulated MMP-9 in the dermis (double arrow). Auto-fluorescence (a–c). Reproduced from Ref. [¹¹²] with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) SEM images showing random, aligned, and crossed orientation of fibers (i); Fluorescent images of fibroblast cultured on various nanofibers F-actin (green) stained with phalloidin-FITC and nuclei (blue) with DAPI (ii). Reproduced from Ref. [¹¹⁸] with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

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