Effect of calcium lactate on compressive strength and self-healing of cracks in microbial concrete

doi:10.1007/s11709-018-0494-2

Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (3) : 515-525 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-018-0494-2

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effect of calcium lactate on compressive strength and self-healing of cracks in microbial concrete

Kunamineni VIJAY(

), Meena MURMU

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India

Download: PDF(1960 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

This paper presents the effect on compressive strength and self-healing capability of bacterial concrete with the addition of calcium lactate. Compared to normal concrete, bacterial concrete possesses higher durability and engineering concrete properties. The production of calcium carbonate in bacterial concrete is limited to the calcium content in cement. Hence calcium lactate is externally added to be an additional source of calcium in the concrete. The influence of this addition on compressive strength, self-healing capability of cracks is highlighted in this study. The bacterium used in the study is bacillus subtilis and was added to both spore powder form and culture form to the concrete. Bacillus subtilis spore powder of 2 million cfu/g concentration with 0.5% cement was mixed to concrete. Calcium lactates with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% of cement, was added to the concrete mixes to test the effect on properties of concrete. In other samples, cultured bacillus subtilis with a concentration of 1×10⁵ cells/mL was mixed with concrete, to study the effect of bacteria in the cultured form on the properties of concrete. Cubes of 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm were used for the study. These cubes were tested after a curing period of 7, 14, and 28 d. A maximum of 12% increase in compressive strength was observed with the addition of 0.5% of calcium lactate in concrete. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy examination showed the formation of ettringite in pores; calcium silicate hydrates and calcite which made the concrete denser. A statistical technique was applied to analyze the experimental data of the compressive strengths of cementations materials. Response surface methodology was adopted for optimizing the experimental data. The regression equation was yielded by the application of response surface methodology relating response variables to input parameters. This method aids in predicting the experimental results accurately with an acceptable range of error. Findings of this investigation indicated the influence of added calcium lactate in bio-concrete which is quite impressive for improving the compressive strength and self-healing properties of concrete.

Keywords calcium lactate bacillus subtilis compressive strength self-healing of cracks

Corresponding Author(s): Kunamineni VIJAY

Just Accepted Date: 01 June 2018 Online First Date: 30 July 2018 Issue Date: 05 June 2019

Cite this article:

Kunamineni VIJAY,Meena MURMU. Effect of calcium lactate on compressive strength and self-healing of cracks in microbial concrete[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(3): 515-525.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/10.1007/s11709-018-0494-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fsce/EN/Y2019/V13/I3/515

Fig.1 Calcium carbonate precipitation at cell wall. (a) Illustrates consumption of the CO₃²⁻ source by the bacterium, and secretion of dissolved inorganic carbon and ammonia into the extracellular space; (b) Ca²⁺ ions in the microenvironment of the bacterium; (c) Ca²⁺ ions react with CO₃²^? ions to form calcium carbonate crystals [¹¹]

Tab.1 Properties of calcium lactate

Tab.2 Test data for identification of bacteria

Fig.2 Compressive strength of concrete with different concentrations of calcium lactate and bacteria during test period

Tab.3 Mix design details of concrete per m³

Fig.3 SEM analysis of (a) normal concrete, (b) bacterial concrete with 0.5% calcium lactate, (c) bacterial concrete with 1% of calcium lactate, (d) bacterial concrete with 1.5% of calcium lactate, (e) bacterial concrete with 2% of calcium lactate, and (f) cultured bacterial concrete with calcium lactate

Fig.4 EDX analysis without bacteria

Fig.5 EDX analysis of specimen with bacteria having 0.5% of calcium lactate

Fig.6 EDX analysis of specimen with bacteria having 1% of calcium lactate

Fig.7 EDX analysis of specimen with bacteria having 2% of calcium lactate

Fig.8 Test cubes with (a) 0.5% of calcium lactate bacterial concrete after crack, (b) 0.5% of calcium lactate bacterial concrete after healing of cracks, (c) 1% of calcium lactate bacterial concrete after crack, (d) 1% of calcium lactate bacterial concrete after healing of cracks, (e) 2% of calcium lactate bacterial concrete after crack, and (f) 2% of calcium lactate bacterial concrete after healing of cracks

Fig.9 Electrical resistivity of different concrete mixes

Tab.4 Experimental and predicted values by using regression expression

Fig.10 Response surface for compressive strength

$Y j$	$Y^j$	$Y ‾$	$Y j − Y^j$	$Y j − Y ‾$	$R 2 = 1 − ∑ j = 1 N (Y j − Y^j) 2 ∑ j = 1 N (Y j − Y ¯) 2$	$RSS = ∑ j = 1 N (Y j − Y^j) 2$
30.0	29.7336	33.2777	0.2664	?3.2777	0.9894	3.54
44.0	43.5272	33.2777	0.47276	10.7223
23.0	22.5907	33.2777	0.40928	?10.2777
35.0	34.4557	33.2777	0.54428	1.7223
39.0	38.0868	33.2777	0.91316	5.7223
31.0	30.3010	33.2777	0.69892	?2.2777
25.5	26.1621	33.2777	?0.66216	?7.7777
38.0	38.9915	33.2777	?0.99148	4.7223
34.0	34.1939	33.2777	?0.19396	0.7223

Tab.5 Cross validation of response surface model

1	N Z Muhammad, A Keyvanfar, M Z A Majid, A Shafaghat, J Mirza. Waterproof performance of concrete: A critical review on implemented approaches. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 101: 80–90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.048
2	J Rapoport, C M Aldea, S P Shah, B Ankenman, A Karr. Permeability of cracked steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2002, 14(4): 355–358 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:4(355)
3	H Jonkers, E Schlangen. Development of a bacteria-based self healing concrete. In: Walraven J C, Stoelhorst D, eds. Tailor Made Concrete Structures. London: CRC Press, 2008, 109
4	W De Muynck, N De Belie, W Verstraete. Microbial carbonate precipitation in construction materials: A review. Ecological Engineering, 2010, 36(2): 118–136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.02.006
5	R Andalib, M Z A Majid, M W Hussin, M Ponraj, A Keyvanfar, J Mirza, H S Lee. Optimum concentration of Bacillus megaterium for strengthening structural concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 118: 180–193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.142
6	M Luo, C X Qian, R Y Li. Factors affecting crack repairing capacity of bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 87: 1–7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.117
7	R Siddique, V Nanda, E H Kunal, M Kadri, M Iqbal Khan, M Singh, A Rajor. Influence of bacteria on compressive strength and permeation properties of concrete made with cement baghouse filter dust. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 106: 461–469 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.112
8	W De Muynck, K Cox, N De Belie, W Verstraete. Bacterial carbonate precipitation as an alternative surface treatment for concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2008, 22(5): 875–885 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.12.011
9	A Talaiekhozani, A Keyvanfar, R Andalib, M Samadi, A Shafaghat, H Kamyab, M Z A Majid, R M Zin, M A Fulazzaky, C T Lee, M W Hussin. Application of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris mixture to design self-healing concrete. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2014, 52(19–21): 3623–3630 https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.854092
10	H M Jonkers, E Schlangen. A two component bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Cultures, 2009, 215–220 https://doi.org/10.3923/ajaps.2014.205.214
11	R Siddique, N K Chahal. Effect of ureolytic bacteria on concrete properties. Construction & Building Materials, 2011, 25(10): 3791–3801 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.010
12	S Sangadji, V Wiktor, H Jonkers, E Schlangen. Injecting a liquid bacteria-based repair system to make porous network concrete healed. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Self-Healing Materials. Ghent, 2013, 118–122
13	V Wiktor, H M Jonkers. Case studies in construction materials field performance of bacteria-based repair system: Pilot study in a parking garage. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2015, 2: 11–17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2014.12.004
14	H M Jonkers, A Thijssen, G Muyzer, O Copuroglu, E Schlangen. Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete. Ecological Engineering, 2010, 36(2): 230–235 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.036
15	S S Bang, J K Galinat, V Ramakrishnan. Calcite precipitation induced by polyurethane-immobilized Bacillus pasteurii. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2001, 28(4–5): 404–409 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00348-3
16	K Vijay, M Murmu, S V Deo. Bacteria based self healing concrete—A review. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 152: 1008–1014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.040
17	BIS. 8112, Indian Standard 43 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement—Specification, Bureau of Indian Standards. 1989
18	BIS. 383, Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete. 1970
19	W Khaliq, M B Ehsan. Crack healing in concrete using various bio influenced self-healing techniques. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 102: 349–357 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.006
20	BIS. 10262, Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design Proportioning, Bureau of Indian Standards. 2009
21	S Alsanusi, L Bentaher. Prediction of compressive strength of concrete from early age test result using design experiments (RSM). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011, 9(12): 978–984 https://doi.org/10.1999/1307-6892/10003114
22	N Vu-Bac, M Silani, T Lahmer, X Zhuang, T Rabczuk. A unified framework for stochastic predictions of mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites. Computational Materials Science, 2015, 96(Part B): 520–535 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.04.066
23	N Vu-Bac, R Rafiee, X Zhuang, T Lahmer, T Rabczuk. Uncertainty quantification formultiscale modeling of polymer nanocomposites with correlated parameters. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2015, 68: 446–464 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.09.008
24	N Vu-Bac, T Lahmer, X Zhuang, T Nguyen-Thoi, T Rabczuk. A software framework forprobabilistic sensitivity analysis for computationally expensive models. Advances in Engineering Software, 2016, 100: 19–31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.06.005
25	N Vu-Bac, T Lahmer, H Keitel, J Zhao, X Zhuang, T Rabczuk. Stochastic predictions of bulk properties of amorphous polyethylene based on molecular dynamics simulations. Mechanics of Materials, 2014, 68, 70–84
26	N Vu-Bac, T Lahmer, Y Zhang, X Zhuang, T Rabczuk. Stochastic predictions of interfacial characteristic of polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs). Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2014, 59: 80–95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.11.014
27	M F Badawy, M A Msekh, K M Hamdia, M K Steiner, T Lahmer, T Rabczuk. Hybrid nonlinear surrogate models for fracture behavior of polymeric nanocomposites. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 2017, 50: 64–75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2017.10.003

[1]	Süleyman ÖZEN, Muhammet Gökhan ALTUN, Ali MARDANI-AGHABAGLOU, Kambiz RAMYAR. Effect of nonionic side chain length of polycarboxylate-ether-based high-range water-reducing admixture on properties of cementitious systems[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 1573-1582.
[2]	Mahmood AKBARI, Vahid JAFARI DELIGANI. Data driven models for compressive strength prediction of concrete at high temperatures[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(2): 311-321.
[3]	Rekha SINGH, Sanjay GOEL. Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of binary and ternary blended pervious concrete[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2020, 14(1): 229-240.
[4]	Vahid ALIZADEH. Finite element analysis of controlled low strength materials[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(5): 1243-1250.
[5]	Fatemeh ZAHIRI, Hamid ESKANDARI-NADDAF. Optimizing the compressive strength of concrete containing micro-silica, nano-silica, and polypropylene fibers using extreme vertices mixture design[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(4): 821-830.
[6]	Ali Reza GHANIZADEH, Morteza RAHROVAN. Modeling of unconfined compressive strength of soil-RAP blend stabilized with Portland cement using multivariate adaptive regression spline[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(4): 787-799.
[7]	Ali Reza GHANIZADEH, Hakime ABBASLOU, Amir Tavana AMLASHI, Pourya ALIDOUST. Modeling of bentonite/sepiolite plastic concrete compressive strength using artificial neural network and support vector machine[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(1): 215-239.
[8]	Behnam VAKHSHOURI, Shami NEJADI. Empirical models and design codes in prediction of modulus of elasticity of concrete[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2019, 13(1): 38-48.
[9]	Ismael FLORES-VIVIAN, Rani G.K PRADOTO, Mohamadreza MOINI, Marina KOZHUKHOVA, Vadim POTAPOV, Konstantin SOBOLEV. The effect of SiO₂ nanoparticles derived from hydrothermal solutions on the performance of portland cement based materials[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2017, 11(4): 436-445.
[10]	Faezehossadat KHADEMI,Mahmoud AKBARI,Sayed Mohammadmehdi JAMAL,Mehdi NIKOO. Multiple linear regression, artificial neural network, and fuzzy logic prediction of 28 days compressive strength of concrete[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2017, 11(1): 90-99.
[11]	Rahul DUBEY, Pardeep KUMAR. An experimental study for optimization of high range water reducing superplasticizer in self compacting concrete[J]. Front Struc Civil Eng, 2013, 7(1): 62-71.
[12]	XU Riqing, GUO Yin, LIU Zengyong. Mechanical properties of stabilized artificial organic soil[J]. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 2008, 2(2): 161-165.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed