Phase separation in synthetic biology

doi:10.15302/J-QB-021-0262

Quant. Biol.

2021, Vol. 9

Issue (4) : 378-399 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-QB-021-0262

REVIEW

Phase separation in synthetic biology

Shi Shuyu¹(

), Si Wen², Ouyang Xiaoyi³, Wei Ping^4,⁵(

)

¹. Undergraduate Program of Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
². Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
³. School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
⁴. Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
⁵. Center for Cell and Gene Circuit Design, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China

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Abstract

Background: The concept of phase separation has been used to describe and interpret physicochemical phenomena in biological systems for decades. Many intracellular macromolecules undergo phase separation, where it plays important roles in gene regulation, cellular signaling, metabolic reactions and so on, due to its unique dynamic properties and biological effects. As the noticeable importance of phase separation, pioneer researchers have explored the possibility to introduce the synthetically engineered phase separation for applicable cell function.

Results: In this article, we illustrated the application value of phase separation in synthetic biology. We described main states of phase separation in detail, summarized some ways to implement synthetic condensates and several methods to regulate phase separation, and provided a substantial amount of identical examples to illuminate the applications and perspectives of phase separation in synthetic biology.

Conclusions: Multivalent interactions implement phase separation in synthetic biology. Small molecules, light control and spontaneous interactions induce and regulate phase separation. The synthetic condensates are widely used in signal amplifications, designer orthogonally non-membrane-bound organelles, metabolic pathways, gene regulations, signaling transductions and controllable platforms. Studies on quantitative analysis, more standardized modules and precise spatiotemporal control of synthetic phase separation may promote the further development of this field.

Keywords phase separation synthetic biology multivalent interaction non-membrane-bound organelle signaling transduction and amplification

Corresponding Author(s): Shi Shuyu,Wei Ping

Just Accepted Date: 15 July 2021 Online First Date: 11 August 2021 Issue Date: 01 December 2021

Cite this article:

Shi Shuyu,Si Wen,Ouyang Xiaoyi, et al. Phase separation in synthetic biology[J]. Quant. Biol., 2021, 9(4): 378-399.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/qb/EN/10.15302/J-QB-021-0262
https://academic.hep.com.cn/qb/EN/Y2021/V9/I4/378

Fig.1 Phase separation in biological systems.

Fig.2 Thermodynamics of phase separation in biology.

Fig.3 Three designs to achieve phase separation in biological systems.

Fig.4 Applications of phase separation in synthetic biology.

Fig.5 Phase separation in synthetic biology.

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