THE 4C APPROACH AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND SPECIES INTERACTIONS DETERMINING INTERCROPPING PRODUCTIVITY

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2021414

Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.

2021, Vol. 8

Issue (3) : 387-399 https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021414

REVIEW

THE 4C APPROACH AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND SPECIES INTERACTIONS DETERMINING INTERCROPPING PRODUCTIVITY

Eric JUSTES¹(

), Laurent BEDOUSSAC², Christos DORDAS³, Ela FRAK⁴, Gaetan LOUARN⁴, Simon BOUDSOCQ⁵, Etienne-Pascal JOURNET^6,⁷, Anastasios LITHOURGIDIS³, Chrysanthi PANKOU³, Chaochun ZHANG⁸, Georg CARLSSON⁹, Erik Steen JENSEN⁹, Christine WATSON¹⁰, Long LI⁸

¹. CIRAD, Persyst Department, 34398 Montpellier, France
². AGIR, Univ Toulouse, ENSFEA, INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
³. School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
⁴. INRAE, UR4, URP3F, 86600 Lusignan, France
⁵. INRAE, UMR Eco&Sols, 34398 Montpellier, France
⁶. AGIR, Univ Toulouse, INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
⁷. LIPM, Univ Toulouse, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
⁸. China Agriculture University (CAU), Beijing 100193, China
⁹. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden
¹⁰. Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Aberdeen, UK

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Abstract

● The 4C approach considers intercropping performances as the result of joint 4C effects.

● Partial land equivalent ratios indicate which effect(s) are the major one(s).

● A major effect of complementarity is related to a better capture of abiotic resources.

Modern agriculture needs to develop transition pathways toward agroecological, resilient and sustainable farming systems. One key pathway for such agroecological intensification is the diversification of cropping systems using intercropping and notably cereal-grain legume mixtures. Such mixtures or intercrops have the potential to increase and stabilize yields and improve cereal grain protein concentration in comparison to sole crops. Species mixtures are complex and the 4C approach is both a pedagogical and scientific way to represent the combination of four joint effects of Competition, Complementarity, Cooperation, and Compensation as processes or effects occurring simultaneously and dynamically between species over the whole cropping cycle. Competition is when plants have fairly similar requirements for abiotic resources in space and time, the result of all processes that occur when one species has a greater ability to use limiting resources (e.g., nutrients, water, space, light) than others. Complementarity is when plants grown together have different requirements for abiotic resources in space, time or form. Cooperation is when the modification of the environment by one species is beneficial to the other(s). Compensation is when the failure of one species is compensated by the other(s) because they differ in their sensitivity to abiotic stress. The 4C approach allows to assess the performance of arable intercropping versus classical sole cropping through understanding the use of abiotic resources.

Keywords compensation competition complementarity cooperation interspecific interactions land equivalent ratio light nutrients species mixtures water

Corresponding Author(s): Eric JUSTES

Just Accepted Date: 02 August 2021 Online First Date: 25 August 2021 Issue Date: 26 September 2021

Cite this article:

Eric JUSTES,Laurent BEDOUSSAC,Christos DORDAS, et al. THE 4C APPROACH AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND SPECIES INTERACTIONS DETERMINING INTERCROPPING PRODUCTIVITY[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(3): 387-399.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2021414
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2021/V8/I3/387

Fig.1 The 4C approach corresponds to 4C effects of Competition, Complementarity, Cooperation, and Compensation occurring simultaneously in intercropping.

Fig.2 Graphical representation of the partial LER (land equivalent ratio) of the two species intercropped adapted from Bedoussac and Justes^[²⁴^] (with permission from Elsevier) showing all possible outcomes of an interaction experiment with two species (here a cereal and a grain legume in a substitutive design where each species was sown at half their sole crop density).

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