Nanofiltration for drinking water treatment: a review

doi:10.1007/s11705-021-2103-5

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (5) : 681-698 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2103-5

REVIEW ARTICLE

Nanofiltration for drinking water treatment: a review

Hao Guo¹, Xianhui Li², Wulin Yang³, Zhikan Yao⁴, Ying Mei⁵, Lu Elfa Peng¹, Zhe Yang¹, Senlin Shao⁶(

), Chuyang Y. Tang¹(

)

¹. Membrane-based Environmental & Sustainable Technology (MembEST) Group, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
². Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
³. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
⁴. College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
⁵. Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
⁶. School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

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Abstract

In recent decades, nanofiltration (NF) is considered as a promising separation technique to produce drinking water from different types of water source. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed the progress of NF-based drinking water treatment, through summarizing the development of materials/fabrication and applications of NF membranes in various scenarios including surface water treatment, groundwater treatment, water reuse, brackish water treatment, and point of use applications. We not only summarized the removal of target major pollutants (e.g., hardness, pathogen, and natural organic matter), but also paid attention to the removal of micropollutants of major concern (e.g., disinfection byproducts, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and arsenic). We highlighted that, for different applications, fit-for-purpose design is needed to improve the separation capability for target compounds of NF membranes in addition to their removal of salts. Outlook and perspectives on membrane fouling control, chlorine resistance, integrity, and selectivity are also discussed to provide potential insights for future development of high-efficiency NF membranes for stable and reliable drinking water treatment.

Keywords nanofiltration drinking water disinfection byproducts micropollutants selectivity

Corresponding Author(s): Senlin Shao,Chuyang Y. Tang

Online First Date: 25 November 2021 Issue Date: 28 March 2022

Cite this article:

Hao Guo,Xianhui Li,Wulin Yang, et al. Nanofiltration for drinking water treatment: a review[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(5): 681-698.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-021-2103-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2022/V16/I5/681

Fig.1 Various application scenarios of NF technique, including surface water treatment, groundwater treatment, water reuse, brackish water treatment, and point of use applications.

Fig.2 (a) Schematic of interfacial polymerization process, (b) scanning electron microscope image of the surface for NF270 membrane, (c) transmission electron microscope image of the cross-section for NF270 membrane, (d) the upper bound of TFC polyamide membranes for desalination, and (e) comparison of membrane performance improvement and commercial potential of the TFC polyamide membranes. These figures are reprinted from ref. [22,30–33] with copyright permission.

Tab.1 Materials used for NF membrane preparation via IP

Fig.3 Schematic illustration of sol-gel and ALD/CVD processes.

Tab.2 Key features of various ceramic NF membranes and commercially available products ^a)

Fig.4 A typical NF system for surface water purification.

Fig.5 (a) Schematic diagram presenting the removal of As(V) at different pH and fouling condition by a NF membrane. Reprinted with permission from ref. [93], copyright 2021, Elsevier BV. (b) Illustration of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) removal at the presence of calcium. Reprinted with permission from ref. [94], copyright 2013, Elsevier BV.

Fig.6 (a) Removal of trace organic contaminants by a tannic acid-iron complexes-based NF membrane. Reprinted with permission from ref. [118], copyright 2019, American Chemiacl Society. (b) Incorporation of hydrophilic metal organic frameworks into a polyamide active layer for improved rejection of hydrophobic EDCs. Reprinted with permission from ref. [125], copyright 2019, American Chemiacl Society.

Fig.7 (a) Removal of various ions and compounds from reservoir water using an integrated electrocoagulation-microfiltration-NF system. Reprinted with permission from ref. [143], copyright 2017, John Wiley & Sons. (b) Illustration of an ion exchange-NF system for desalination. Reprinted with permission from ref. [144], copyright 2008, Elsevier BV. (c) An energy saving CDI-NF hybrid system for brackish water treatment. Reprinted with permission from ref. [145], copyright 2017, Elsevier BV. (d) An FO-NF system for brackish water treatment. Reprinted with permission from ref. [146], copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons.

Fig.8 Schematic illustration of a membrane-based tap water filter for point of use drinking water production. The filter shall able to remove various contaminants such as pathogens, dissolved ions, and micropollutants from drinking water source and thus safeguard product water quality.

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