Interactive effects of carbon dioxide, low temperature, and ultraviolet-B radiation on cotton seedling root and shoot morphology and growth

doi:10.1007/s11707-016-0605-0

Front. Earth Sci.

2016, Vol. 10

Issue (4) : 607-620 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-016-0605-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Interactive effects of carbon dioxide, low temperature, and ultraviolet-B radiation on cotton seedling root and shoot morphology and growth

David BRAND¹,Chathurika WIJEWARDANA¹,Wei GAO²,K. Raja REDDY¹(

)

¹. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkwille, MS 39762, USA
². USDA UVB Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, and Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA

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Abstract

Interactive effects of multiple environmental stresses are predicted to have a negative effect on cotton growth and development and these effects will be exacerbated in the future climate. The objectives of this study were to test the hypothesis that cotton cultivars differ in their responses to multiple environmental factors of (CO₂) [400 and 750 µmol·mol⁻¹ (+(CO₂)], temperature [28/20 and 20/12°C (−T)], and UV−B radiation [0 and 10 kJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹ (+UV−B)]. A genetic and molecular standard (TM-1) and three modern cotton cultivars (DP1522B2XF, PHY496W3R, and ST4747GLB2) were grown in eight sunlit, controlled environment chambers with control treatment 400 µmol·mol⁻¹ [CO₂], 28/21°C temperature, and 0 kJ UV−B. The results showed significant differences among the cultivars for most of the shoot and root parameters. Plants grown under low temperature alone or as a combination with+UV−B treatment caused more detrimental effects on root and shoot vigor. Although the elevated CO₂ treatments weakened the damaging effects of higher UV−B levels on cotton growth on all cultivars, increased CO₂ could not mask the negative effects of low temperature. When comparing all cultivars, genetic standard TM-1 produced the smallest values for the majority of traits under CO₂, UV−B, and low temperature either alone or in combination with other treatments. Based on principal component analysis, the four cultivars were classified as tolerant (DP1522B2XF), intermediate (PHY496W3R and ST4747GLB2) and sensitive (TM-1) to multiple environmental stresses.Low temperature was identified as the most damaging treatment to cotton early seedling vigor while elevated CO₂ caused the least. Existing variability of cotton cultivars in response to multiple environmental stresses could allow for selection of cultivars with the best coping ability and higher lint yield for future climate change environments.

Keywords Cotton Climate change winRHIZO Principal component analysis. Stress tolerance. Abbreviations: DAP, Days after planting SPAR- Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research PCA, Principal component analysis SGR, Seed germination rate PH, Plant height NOD, Node number NAR, Node addition rate LA, Leaf area LW, Leaf weight SW, Shoot weight RW, Root weight TD, Total dry weight RS, Root/shoot ratio RL, Root length RSA, Root surface area RD, Root diameter RLV, Root length per soil volume RV, Root volume RT, Number of tips RF, Number of forks RC, Number of crossings SPAD, Total chlorophyll PHOL, phenolic content

Corresponding Author(s): K. Raja REDDY

Online First Date: 06 September 2016 Issue Date: 04 November 2016

Cite this article:

David BRAND,Chathurika WIJEWARDANA,Wei GAO, et al. Interactive effects of carbon dioxide, low temperature, and ultraviolet-B radiation on cotton seedling root and shoot morphology and growth[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2016, 10(4): 607-620.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-016-0605-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2016/V10/I4/607

Tab.1 The treatments, mean day/night temperatures, daily CO₂, and UVB treatments for each chamber.

Tab.2 The analysis of variance across the treatments of carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]), temperature (T), UV−B radiation (UV−B), and Hybrid (Hy), and their interactions on corn vegetative, physiological, and photosynthetic traits; seed germination rate (SGR), plant height (PH), node number (NOD), node addition rate (NAR), leaf area (LA), leaf weight (LW), shoot weight (SW), root weight (RW), total dry weight (TD), root/shoot ratio (RS), root length (RL), root surface area (RSA), root diameter (RD), root length per soil volume (RLV), root volume (RV), number of tips (RT), number of forks (RF), number of crossings (RC), total chlorophyll (SPAD), phenolic content (PHOL).

Fig.1 Impact of CO₂ concentration (control, 400 µmol·mol⁻¹ and+ CO₂, 750 µmol·mol⁻¹), low temperature day/night (control, 28/20°C and −T, 20/12°C), and UV−B radiation (control, 0 and+UV−B, 10 kJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹), and their interactions on (a) plant height, (b) leaf area, and (c) total dry weight for four cotton cultivars (TM-1, DP1522 B2XF, PHY496W3R, and ST4747GLB2). Bars indicate standard errors of the mean±6 replications.

Fig.2 Impact of CO₂ concentration (control, 400 µmol·mol⁻¹ and+ CO₂, 750 µmol·mol⁻¹), low temperature day/night (control, 28/20°C and −T, 20/12°C), and UV−B radiation (control, 0 and+UV−B, 10 kJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹), and their interactions on (a) root length, (b) root volume, and (c) number of tips for four cotton cultivars (TM-1, DP1522 B2XF, PHY496W3R, and ST4747GLB2). Bars indicate standard errors of the mean±6 replications.

Fig.3 Impact of CO₂ concentration (control, 400 µmol·mol⁻¹ and+ CO₂, 750 µmol·mol⁻¹), low temperature day/night (control, 28/20°C and −T, 20/12°C), and UV−B radiation (control, 0 and+UV−B, 10 kJ·m⁻²×d⁻¹), and their interactions on (a) SPAD, and (b) phenolic, for four cotton cultivars (TM-1, DP1522 B2XF, PHY496W3R, and ST4747GLB2). Bars indicate standard errors of the mean±6 replications.

Tab.3 Principal component analysis eigenvectors of PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 of 4 cotton cultivars for seven different treatments and the variation accounted by each eigenvector.

Fig.4 A plot showing principal component analysis (PCA) for the first two principal component (PC) scores, PCA1 vs. PCA2 related to the classification of 4 cotton cultivars (solid symbols) for multiple stress tolerance. Cotton cultivars were classified mainly into 3 groups as tolerant, intermediate, and sensitive depending on the contribution of all the parameters tested under each of the treatment. One to four numbers given under each of solid circle represent the relative ranking of each hybrid for multiple stress tolerance.

Fig.5 A plot showing principal component analysis (PCA) for the first two principal component (PC) scores, PC1 vs. PC2 related to the distribution of 19 parameters (solid circles) for multiple stress tolerance. The coefficients (PC1 and PC2) for the parameters are distributed across the ordination space that reflects the contribution of the parameters in determination of multiple stress tolerance. The coefficients used in the analysis were seed germination rate (SGR), plant height (PH), node number (NOD), node addition rate (NAR), leaf area (LA), leaf weight (LW), shoot weight (SW), root weight (RW), total dry weight (TD), root/shoot ratio (RS), root length (RL), root surface area (RSA), root diameter (RD), root volume (RV), number of root tips (RT), number of root forks (RF), number of root crossings (RC), total chlorophyll (SPAD), and phenolic content (PHOL). The coefficient values for parameters were multiplied by ten to obtain a clear and superimposed figure.

Fig.6 Representative scanned root images from single and combined stress treatments for multiple stress tolerant DP1522B2XF and sensitive TM-1 cotton cultivars harvested at 20 d after planting. Images represent (A and I) control condition (CO₂−400 µmol·mol⁻¹, T−28/20°C, and UV−B, 0 kJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹), (B and J) +CO₂ (750 µmol·mol⁻¹), (C and K) +UV−B (10 kJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹), (D and L) –T (20/12°C), (E and M) +CO₂ + UV−B, (F and N) +CO₂ – T, (G and O) +UV−B – T, and (H and P) +CO₂ + UV−B – T.

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