Occurrence, spatial and seasonal variation, and environmental risk of pharmaceutically active compounds in the Pearl River basin, South China

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1646-8

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (4) : 46 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1646-8

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Occurrence, spatial and seasonal variation, and environmental risk of pharmaceutically active compounds in the Pearl River basin, South China

Haojun Lei^1,², Kaisheng Yao^1,^2,³, Bin Yang^1,²(

), Lingtian Xie^1,², Guangguo Ying^1,²

¹. SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
². School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
³. Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands

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Abstract

● 38 PhACs and 2 pesticides were detected in the three rivers of the Pearl River basin.

● Anti-inflammatory/analgesics drugs were the predominant PhACs.

● The concentrations of PhACs showed seasonal and spatial variation.

● Diazepam and ibuprofen were the two PhACs with a moderate environmental risk.

The occurrence, fate, and environmental risk of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from surface waters and sediments were comprehensively investigated in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River of the Pearl River basin, South China. Salicylic acid and diclofenac (anti-inflammatory drugs), gemfibrozil (a lipid regulator), carbamazepine (an antiepileptic drug), diazepam (a psychoactive drug), and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid (MCPA, a pesticide) were the most ubiquitous compounds in the studied region. The average concentrations of detected PhACs in surface waters and sediments ranged from 0.17 to 19.1 ng/L and 0.10 to 10.4 ng/g, respectively. Meanwhile, PhACs concentration in surface waters and sediments varied greatly among and within the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River. The largest annual flux of PhACs of the Xijiang River and Beijiang River was more than 11 000 kg per annum, whereas only 25.7 kg/a in the Maozhou River. In addition, the estimated emissions of PhACs in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River ranged respectively from 0.28 to 4.22 kg/a, 0.12 to 6.72 kg/a, and 6.66 to 91.0 kg/a, and the back-estimated usage varied with a range from 12.0 to 293 kg/a, 6.79 to 944 kg/a, 368 to 17 459 kg/a. Moreover, the emissions of PhACs showed a close relationship with the gross domestic product (GDP) of each city along the Pearl River. The environmental risk assessment suggested that diazepam and ibuprofen had a moderate risk in this region.

Keywords Pharmaceutically active compounds Occurrence Spatiotemporal variations Pearl River Environmental risk assessment

Corresponding Author(s): Bin Yang

Issue Date: 07 November 2022

Cite this article:

Haojun Lei,Kaisheng Yao,Bin Yang, et al. Occurrence, spatial and seasonal variation, and environmental risk of pharmaceutically active compounds in the Pearl River basin, South China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(4): 46.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1646-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I4/46

Fig.1 Box-and-whisker plots showing the concentrations of the detected PhACs compounds in surface waters (Panel a) and sediments (Panel b) of the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River in the wet and dry seasons. The whiskers indicate the maximum and minimum concentrations. The boxes stretch from 25th to 75th percentiles. The solid and dotted horizontal lines in the boxes respectively indicate the median and average concentrations. The number at the bottom of each box is the detection frequency of the corresponding compound.

Tab.1 Detected PhACs and their concentration ranges (ng/L for surface water, ng/g for sediments) and detection frequencies (Freq., %) in surface waters and sediments of the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River

Fig.2 The heatmap-hierarchical cluster analysis for detected PhACs in surface waters in the wet (Panel a) and dry (Panel b) seasons.

Fig.3 PCoA analysis of the detected PhACs concentrations between and within the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River basins. Panel a and Panel b display the PCoA analysis of the detected PhACs concentrations in surface waters and sediments. Panel c, Panel e, and Panel g display the PCoA analysis of the detected PhACs concentrations in surface waters between the wet and dry season. Panel d, Panel f, and Panel h displays the PCoA analysis of the detected PhACs concentrations in sediment between the wet and dry season.

Fig.4 Contaminant flux (kg/a) of the detected PhACs in the Beijiang River (Panel a), Xijiang River (Panel b), and Maozhou River (Panel c).

Tab.2 Risk Quotients (RQs) of the target compounds

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