Partial aging can counter-intuitively couple with sulfidation to improve the reactive durability of zerovalent iron

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1774-9

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (2) : 14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1774-9

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Partial aging can counter-intuitively couple with sulfidation to improve the reactive durability of zerovalent iron

Yiwei Liu¹, Kaili Gu¹, Jinhua Zhang¹, Jinxiang Li¹(

), Jieshu Qian¹, Jinyou Shen¹, Xiaohong Guan²(

)

¹. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
². School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

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Abstract

● Partial aging of SZVI can enhance its reactive durability toward Cr(VI).

● Partial aging can couple with sulfidation to reconstruct the interface of ZVI.

● Partial aging can retain the conductive FeS_x in the subshell of SZVI.

● Iron (hydr)oxides and FeS_x improve the mass and electron transfer of ZVI to Cr(VI).

Sulfated zero-valent iron (SZVI) has shown promising applications in wastewater treatment. However, the rapid decline in the reactivity of SZVI with time limits its real practice. To mediate this problem, partial aging was proposed to improve the reactive durability of SZVI. Taking Cr(VI) as the target contaminant, we found that the aged ZVI (AZVI) gradually lost reactivity as aging time increased from 0.5 to 2 d. Counter-intuitively, the partially aged SZVI (ASZVI) showed greater reactivity than SZVI when exposed to oxygenated water for a period ranging from 0.5 to 14 d. In addition, the ASZVI with 0.5 d of aging time (ASZVI-0.5) not only maintained reactivity in successive runs but also increased the Cr(VI) removal capacity from 9.1 mg/g by SZVI to 19.1 mg/g by ASZVI-0.5. Correlation analysis further revealed that the electron transfer from the Fe⁰ core to the shell was mediated by the conductive FeS and FeS₂ in the subshell of ASZVI. Meanwhile, the lepidocrocite and magnetite on the surface of ASZVI facilitated Cr(VI) adsorption and subsequent electron transfer for Cr(VI) reduction. Moreover, the iron (hydr)oxide shell could retain the conductive FeS and FeS₂ in the subshell, allowing ASZVI to reduce Cr(VI) efficiently and sustainably. In general, partial aging can enhance the reactive durability of ZVI when coupled with sulfidation and this synergistic effect will be beneficial to the application of SZVI-based technology for wastewater treatment.

Keywords Zerovalent iron Sulfidation Partial aging Interface reconstruction Electron transfer

Corresponding Author(s): Jinxiang Li,Xiaohong Guan

Issue Date: 06 September 2023

Cite this article:

Yiwei Liu,Kaili Gu,Jinhua Zhang, et al. Partial aging can counter-intuitively couple with sulfidation to improve the reactive durability of zerovalent iron[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(2): 14.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1774-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I2/14

Fig.1 Effect of aging time on the Raman spectra of the ASZVI samples (a) and the relative contents of Fe species (b–d) and S species (e–g) in the subshell of ASZVI samples from 0 to 20 nm.

Fig.2 Influence of aging time on the obvious rate constants (k_obs) for Cr(VI) removal by ZVI-based samples (a) and their content of Cr(III) after reaction at 120 min (b). Reaction conditions: [ZVI]₀ = 0.5 g/L, [Cr(VI)]₀ = 4.0 mg/L, pH_ini = 5.0, [Na₂SO₄] = 1.0 mmol/L, t = 25 °C. Relationship of the specific rate constants (lgk_SA) for Cr(VI) removal by ASZVI samples with their corrosion current density (c, lgi_corr).

Fig.3 Kinetics of Cr(VI) removal in consecutive runs by PZVI/AZVI (a), SZVI (b), and ASZVI-0.5 (c), along with their reaction rates (d), removal capacity (e, left ordinate) and percent of Cr(III) (e, right ordinate) after reaction at 540 min. Reaction conditions: [ZVI]₀ = 2.0 g/L, [Cr(VI)]_respike = 2.0 mg/L, pH_ini = 5.0, [NaCl] = 1.0 mmol/L, t = 25 °C.

Fig.4 Correlations of the specific rate constants (lg k_SA) for Cr(VI) removal by ASZVI samples with their mass contents of Fe³⁺ on the shell (a) and Fe⁰ in the subshell at 20 nm (b).

Fig.5 Correlations of the specific rate constants (lg k_SA) for Cr(VI) removal by ASZVI samples with their mass contents of S^2– (a, d), S^2– (b, e), S^2– and S^2– (c, f) in the subshell at 5 nm (a–c) and 20 nm (d–f).

Fig.6 Diagram of the reaction mechanism of Cr(VI) sequestration by ASZVI.

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