One-pot hydrothermal fabrication of BiVO4/Fe3O4/rGO composite photocatalyst for the simulated solar light-driven degradation of Rhodamine B

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1470-y

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (3) : 36 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1470-y

RESEARCH ARTICLE

One-pot hydrothermal fabrication of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO composite photocatalyst for the simulated solar light-driven degradation of Rhodamine B

Shuangyang Zhao, Chengxin Chen, Jie Ding(

), Shanshan Yang(

), Yani Zang, Nanqi Ren

State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China

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Abstract

• BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO has excellent photocatalytic activity under solar light radiation.

• It can be easily separated and collected from water in an external magnetic field.

• BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/0.5% rGO exhibited the highest RhB removal efficiency of over 99%.

• Hole (h⁺) and superoxide radical (O₂^•⁻) dominate RhB photo-decomposition process.

• The reusability of this composite was confirmed by five successive recycling runs.

Fabrication of easily recyclable photocatalyst with excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater is highly desirable for practical application. In this study, a novel ternary magnetic photocatalyst BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/reduced graphene oxide (BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO) was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal strategy. The BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄ with 0.5 wt% of rGO (BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/0.5% rGO) exhibited superior activity, degrading greater than 99% Rhodamine B (RhB) after 120 min solar light radiation. The surface morphology and chemical composition of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The free radicals scavenging experiments demonstrated that hole (h⁺) and superoxide radical (O₂^•⁻) were the dominant species for RhB degradation over BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO under solar light. The reusability of this composite catalyst was also investigated after five successive runs under an external magnetic field. The BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO composite was easily separated, and the recycled catalyst retained high photocatalytic activity. This study demonstrates that catalyst BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO possessed high dye removal efficiency in water treatment with excellent recyclability from water after use. The current study provides a possibility for more practical and sustainable photocatalytic process.

Keywords Photocatalysis Ternary magnetic photocatalyst Visible-light-driven Free radicals trapping Reusability Recycling

Corresponding Author(s): Jie Ding,Shanshan Yang

Issue Date: 13 July 2021

Cite this article:

Shuangyang Zhao,Chengxin Chen,Jie Ding, et al. One-pot hydrothermal fabrication of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO composite photocatalyst for the simulated solar light-driven degradation of Rhodamine B[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(3): 36.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1470-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I3/36

Fig.1 Schematic illustration for the preparation process of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO.

Fig.2 SEM images of the as-prepared photocatalysts: (a) pristine BiVO₄, (b) BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄ and (c) BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO; (d) XRD patterns of GO, BiVO₄, BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄ and BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO; (e) FT-IR spectra and (f) Raman spectra of GO, BiVO₄, BiVO₄/ Fe₃O₄, and BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO.

Fig.3 TEM images of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO: (a) with a photo scale of 50 nm; (b) with a photo scale of 10 nm; (c) specific image of BiVO₄ part; (d) specific image of Fe₃O₄ part.

Fig.4 (a) XPS survey spectrum of GO, BiVO₄, and BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO; High-resolution XPS spectrum of (b) Bi 4f; (c) V 2p; (d) Fe 2p; (e) C 1s; (f) O 2p of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO; (g) C 1s of GO.

Tab.1 BET calculation result for BiVO₄, BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄, BiVO₄/rGO_, and BiVO₄/ Fe₃O₄/rGO

Fig.5 UV –vis diffuse reflection spectra (a) and the corresponding band energy diagram (b) of BiVO₄, BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄, and BiVO₄/ Fe₃O₄/rGO composite photocatalysts; (c) Magnetic–Hysteresis (M–H) loops of Fe₃O₄ and BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO. Inset: Photographs of the magnetic separation process of the composite photocatalyst in aqueous solution.

Fig.6 (a) Plots of C_t/C₀ versus t for different catalysts and pure solution; (b) Kinetic data for the degradation of RhB in the presence of different photocatalysts; (c) photocatalytic performance of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO composite for the degradation of RhB as measured by UV–vis spectra; (d) Recycling experiments over the BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO for RhB degradation of under solar light irradiation. Catalyst amount 100 mg; C₀ = 10 mg/L; volume 100 mL; (e) FT-IR spectra of solid composite before and after the decoloration reaction; (f) XRD pattern of the solid composite after the reaction.

Tab.2 The pseudo-first-order rate constants for RhB degradation under solar light irradiation

Tab.3 Summary of RhB removal by different BiVO₄-based catalysts

Fig.7 (a) The plots of C_t/C₀ of phenol versus t for different catalysts; (b) Kinetic data for the degradation of phenol in the presence of different photocatalysts.

Fig.8 (a) PL spectra; (b) EIS spectra; (c) photocurrent response of the as-prepared sample; (d) ESR spectra of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO for ^•OH and O₂^•⁻.

Fig.9 (a) Degradation of RhB over the composite in the presence of various scavengers; (b) Schematic illustration of the mechanism for photogenerated charge carriers transfer in BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO under solar light irradiation.

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