Biodegradation of waste refrigerator polyurethane by mealworms

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1638-8

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (3) : 38 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1638-8

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Biodegradation of waste refrigerator polyurethane by mealworms

Ping Zhu¹, Shuangshuang Gong¹, Mingqiang Deng², Bin Xia¹, Yazheng Yang¹, Jiakang Tang¹, Guangren Qian¹, Fang Yu¹, Ashantha Goonetilleke³, Xiaowei Li¹(

)

¹. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
². College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
³. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia

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Abstract

● Waste refrigerator polyurethane (WRPU) was ingested and biodegraded by mealworms.

● The carbon in WRPU-based frass was lower than that in WRPU.

● Urethane groups in WRPU were broken down after ingestion by mealworms.

● Thermal stability of WRPU-based frass were deteriorated compared to that of WRPU.

● Gut microbiomes of mealworms fed using WRPU were distinct from that fed using bran.

Refrigerator insulation replacement results in discarding a large amount of waste refrigerator polyurethane (WRPU). Insect larvae like mealworms have been used to biodegrade pristine plastics. However, knowledge about mealworms degrading WRPU is scarce. This study presents an in-depth investigation of the degradation of WRPU by mealworms using the micro-morphology, composition, and functional groups of WRPU and the egested frass characteristics. It was found that the WRPU debris in frass was scoured, implying that WRPU was ingested and degraded by mealworms. The carbon content of WRPU-based frass was lower than that of WRPU, indicating that mealworms utilized WRPU as a carbon source. The urethane groups in WRPU were broken, and benzene rings’ C=C and C–H bonds in the isocyanate disappeared after being ingested by mealworms. Thermal gravimetric-differential thermal gravimetry analysis showed that the weight loss temperature of WRPU-based frass was 300 °C lower than that of WRPU, indicating that the thermal stability of WRPU deteriorated after being ingested. The carbon balance analysis confirmed that carbon in the ingested WRPU released as CO₂ increased from 18.84 % to 29.80 %, suggesting that WRPU was partially mineralized. The carbon in the mealworm biomass ingesting WRPU decreased. The possible reason is that WRPU does not supply sufficient nutrients for mealworm growth, and the impurities and odor present in WRPU affect the appetite of the mealworms. The microbial community analysis indicated that WRPU exerts a considerable effect on the gut microorganism of mealworms. These findings confirm that mealworms degrade WRPU.

Keywords Waste refrigerator polyurethane Mealworms Biodegradation Carbon balance Gut microorganism

Corresponding Author(s): Xiaowei Li

About author:

Tongcan Cui and Yizhe Hou contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 17 October 2022

Cite this article:

Ping Zhu,Shuangshuang Gong,Mingqiang Deng, et al. Biodegradation of waste refrigerator polyurethane by mealworms[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(3): 38.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1638-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I3/38

Fig.1 (a) An image of mealworms gnawing at WRPU with some damage points marked with a red frame; (b) cumulative consumption of WRPU and survival rate of mealworms fed with bran and WRPU (mean ± SD; n=3).

Fig.2 SEM-EDS of the WRPU, bran, and their egested frass: (a) SEM of WRPU feedstock; (b) SEM of bran feedstock; (c) SEM of WRPU-based frass; (d) SEM of bran-based frass; (e) EDS of WRPU feedstock; (f) EDS of WRPU-based frass.

Fig.3 Elemental analysis of the WRPU and the egested frass.

Fig.4 FT-IR spectra of the WRPU feedstock and frass, and bran feedstock and frass.

Fig.5 TG-DTG analysis of the WRPU feedstock and the egested frass.

Tab.1 Carbon balance analysis during the ingestion of WRPU by mealworms (mean±SD; n=3)

Fig.6 Conversion of carbon from the ingested WRPU and biomass to residues in frass and CO₂ at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 incubation times and reduction rate of carbon in biomass.

Fig.7 Change in the mealworms weight for the unfed, bran-fed and WRPU-fed conditions after 30 d.

Fig.8 Microbial community composition of gut microbiome in WRPU-fed, bran-fed and unfed mealworms: (a) Shannon index; (b) principal coordinate analysis (PCoA); (c) relative abundance of predominant microbe at the family levels.

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