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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2024, Vol. 18 Issue (12) : 155    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1915-1
Enhanced nitrogen removal from low strength anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) permeate using complete nitrification and partial denitrification-anammox processes
Jingwei Fu1, Zhaoyang Hou1, Hexiang Zhao2, Qian Li1,3,4(), Rong Chen1,3, Yu-You Li4
1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
2. Hualu Engineering & Technology Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710000, China
3. International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Abstract

● Efficient removal of COD and nitrogen was achieved in the AnMBR–NF–PDA system.

● Precise COD/NO3−–N control was achieved by adjusting the raw water proportion.

● The presence of filamentous bacteria was conducive to sludge granulation in PDA.

● AnAOB and filamentous bacteria achieved a good cross-feeding relationship.

In this study, an anaerobic membrane bioreactor coupled with a complete nitrification and partial denitrification–anammox process (AnMBR–NF–PDA) was developed to efficiently remove both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen. Precise control of raw water ratios was utilized to adjust the ratio of COD/NO3−–N, resulting in maximum nitrogen removal efficiency of 90.14% at a ratio of 3.44. Initially, specific anammox activity (SAA) increased with the proportion of raw water, peaking at 17.83 mg-N/(g-VSS∙d) in stage II before decreasing. This variation was attributed to the significant presence of filamentous bacteria, especially “Acinetobacter” (13.58%–31.59%), which facilitated nitrite generation, supporting the nitrous oxide hypothesis in partial denitrification processes and enabling cross-feeding with AnAOB. Additionally, the average particle size of granular sludge increased from 300 to 528 µm under the influence of filamentous bacteria. Metagenomic analysis revealed an upsurge in genes associated with partial denitrification (NarG and NapA) as the COD/NO3–N ratio rose. The abundance of genes closely correlated with anammox (Hzs and Hdh) peaked during stage II, indicating the beneficial role of filamentous bacteria in the stable conversion of nitrite in PDA system. This study offers valuable insights into optimizing the synergistic metabolism and granulation processes involving filamentous bacteria and AnAOB, thereby laying the groundwork for the practical application of AnMBR coupled with anammox processes in wastewater treatment.
Keywords Anammox      Anaerobic membrane bioreactor      COD/NO3––N      Filamentous bacteria     
Corresponding Author(s): Qian Li   
Issue Date: 18 October 2024
 Cite this article:   
Yu-You Li,Rong Chen,Qian Li, et al. Enhanced nitrogen removal from low strength anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) permeate using complete nitrification and partial denitrification-anammox processes[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(12): 155.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1915-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I12/155
Fig.1  (a) Schematic representation of the combined AnMBR–NF–PDA process for the treatment of municipal wastewater (AnMBR: an anaerobic membrane reactor for carbon capture; NF: a complete mixed reactor for complete nitrification; PDA: a continuous stirred tank reactor for partial denitrification coupled anammox process); (b) Flow of organic carbon, nitrogen, and operating conditions in the AnMBR–NF–PDA process.
Fig.2  (a) The effluent COD of each system in the AnMBR–NF–PDA and the COD removal efficiency of the process. (b) The effluent TN of each system of the process and the NRE of the process. (c) The change in nitrogen concentration in influent and effluent and the ratio of COD/NO3−–N in the influent of the PDA system. (d) Contribution of anammox and denitrification processes to nitrogen removal and changes of VAMX/VNO3 and VNO2/VNO3 in the PDA system.
Items Unit Stage I(Q2=10%; COD/NO3–N=2.70) Stage II(Q2=14%; COD/NO3–N=3.44) Stage III(Q2=18%; COD/NO3–N=4.09)
AnMBR NF PDAa) AnMBR NF PDAa) AnMBR NF PDAa)
CODInf. mg/L 497.8±5.27 16.6±1.34 62.6±3.40 498.3±6.95 16.5±1.38 85.7±4.48 498.9±6.07 16.1±1.22 102.2±5.04
CODEff. mg/L 16.6±1.34 11.9±1.38 14.3±1.52 16.5±1.38 11.6±1.86 15.3±2.77 16.1±1.22 11.6±1.51 16.3±3.33
COD removal efficiency % 96.6±0.26 28.9±8.81 77.0±2.61 96.7±0.27 29.3±12.1 81.8±3.71 96.7±0.23 28.7±10.2 84.1±1.98
Contribution to COD removal b) % 87.6±0.37 0.85±0.33 8.88±0.32 83.1±0.61 0.84±0.37 12.7±0.34 79.0±0.76 0.73±0.32 16.6±0.43
TNInf. c) mg/L 51.2±1.37 50.8±2.07 48.5±2.07 52.1±1.10 52.2±0.91 50.9±1.52 51.6±1.24 50.0±1.82 50.8±1.05
TKNEff. mg/L 50.8±2.07 – 13.3±1.25 52.2±0.91 – 3.45±1.27 50.0±1.82 – 12.4±2.21
NO3–NEff. mg/L – 50.3±2.46 14.4±1.92 – 51.5±1.60 3.68±1.23 – 50.6±1.91 1.74±1.45
NO2–NEff. mg/L – – 0.05±0.03 – – 0.02±0.00 – – 0.01±0.00
TKN removal efficiency d) % – – 47.7±3.77 – – 86.2±3.78 – 47.9±6.15
NO3–N removal efficiency d) % – – 40.5±4.62 – – 85.0±3.64 – 95.3±3.75
TN removal efficiency e) % – – 46.4±5.11 – – 86.1±4.81 – – 72.5±4.96
Tab.1  Performance of AnMBR-NF-PDA system at different stages
Fig.3  (a) Changes in the activity of AnAOB and denitrifying bacteria at each stage. (b) The activity of SDANO3 and SDANO2 at the addition of NH4+–N (25 mg/L) in stage II.
Fig.4  (a) Microscope observation of sludge at the end of each stage in the PDA, (b) the settlement performance of PDA at each stage, (c) change in the particle size of sludge in the PDA at the end of each stage.
Fig.5  (a) Relative abundance of functional microorganisms in PDA at the genus level during different stages, (b) correlation between performance and the relative abundance of dominant bacteria at the genus level, (c) variation in the relative abundance of functional bacteria in each phase.
Fig.6  Variations of the nitrogen conversion and carbon pathways under the effect of COD/NO3−–N and relative abundance of genes encoding enzymes related to nitrogen and carbon metabolism at each stage.
Fig.7  Possible mechanism of PDA under different COD/NO3−–N.
Process Wastewater Influent concentrations Removal efficiency (%) Oxygen consumptiona)(mg/L) COD consumptionb)(mg/L) Advantage Disadvantage Reference
COD TN COD TN
Nitrification–Denitrification The manual wastewater 363.2 mg/L 100 85.4 98.9 4.57 3.71 The removal efficiency of COD and TN is better Higher energy consumption Song et al. (2023)
AnMBR Municipal waste 6 kg COD /(m3?d) – 95 – – – High COD removal efficiency; Conserve and generate energy Inability to remove nitrogen Wu et al. (2023)
PNA Synthetic wastewater – 40 – 90 1.89 0.37 Lower energy consumption The process is unstable and produces 11% nitrate Li et al. 2019)
PNA The effluent of AnMBR 62 mg/L 50 55 67.9 Guo et al. (2022c)
PDA Synthetic wastewater – 220 – 84.0 – 0.78 The NRE is higher COD consumption required Wan et al. (2024)
NF–PDA Synthetic wastewater – 50 – 92.8 2.52 0.78 The process is relatively stable COD consumption required Chen et al. (2023)
AnMBR–PNA Synthetic wastewater 500 mg/L 50 93.0 80.4 1.89 0.37 Lower energy consumptionAchieve simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen The stability of the PNA is significantly impacted by organic matter Li et al. (2023)
AnMBR–PNA Municipal wastewater 351 mg/L 23 90.8 76.3 Wu et al. (2021)
AnMBR–NF–PDA Synthetic wastewater 498 mg/L 97.3 86.1 2.52 – The process is stable, no external carbon source is required, and COD and nitrogen are removed simultaneously 25% higher oxygen consumption than AnMBR-PNA process This study
Tab.2  Application of the integrated anammox process for biological nitrogen removal from wastewater
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