Neurotrophin treatment to promote regeneration after traumatic CNS injury

doi:10.1007/s11515-013-1269-8

Front Biol

2013, Vol. 8

Issue (5) : 486-495 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-013-1269-8

REVIEW

Neurotrophin treatment to promote regeneration after traumatic CNS injury

Lakshmi KELAMANGALATH, George M. SMITH(

)

Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, & Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140-4106, USA

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Abstract

Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors that have been found to be central for the development and functional maintenance of the nervous system, participating in neurogenesis, neuronal survival, axonal growth, synaptogenesis and activity-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity. Trauma in the adult nervous system can disrupt the functional circuitry of neurons and result in severe functional deficits. The limitation of intrinsic growth capacity of adult nervous system and the presence of an inhospitable environment are the major hurdles for axonal regeneration of lesioned adult neurons. Neurotrophic factors have been shown to be excellent candidates in mediating neuronal repair and establishing functional circuitry via activating several growth signaling mechanisms including neuron-intrinsic regenerative programs. Here, we will review the effects of various neurotrophins in mediating recovery after injury to the adult spinal cord.

Keywords axonal guidance neurotrophin regeneration functional recovery sprouting

Corresponding Author(s): SMITH George M.,Email:george.smith@temple.edu

Issue Date: 01 October 2013

Cite this article:

Lakshmi KELAMANGALATH,George M. SMITH. Neurotrophin treatment to promote regeneration after traumatic CNS injury[J]. Front Biol, 2013, 8(5): 486-495.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-013-1269-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2013/V8/I5/486

Fig.1 Signaling cascades mediated by Trk receptors and p75. Trk family members recruit and increase the phosphorylation of PLC-γ and Src homologous and collagen-like adaptor protein (Shc), which leads to activation of PI3K and Erk, and participate in cell survival, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity, respectively. Collaboration of p75 with Trk augments the Trk effects. In the absence of Trk, p75 predominantly signals to activate NF-κB and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and modulates RhoA activity. Pro-neurotrophins also preferentially bind to the p75 signaling apoptotic pathways. These responses are mediated through adaptor proteins that bind to the cytoplasmic domain of p75, including neurotrophin-receptor interacting factor (NRIF), neurotrophin-associated cell death executor (NADE), neurotrophin-receptor-interacting MAGE homolog (NRAGE), and Schwann cell 1 (SC1), which can exert effects on apoptosis, growth cone collapse and cell cycle arrest. Akt, protein kinase B; FRS2, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2; Gab1, Grb2-associated binder-1; Grb2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Erk kinase; SOS, Son of Sevenless; TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6.

Fig.2 Neurotrophin treatments on nerve regeneration after neurotrauma. Traumatic injury in CNS, such as root avulsion, spinal cord injury (SCI), and traumatic brain injury (TBI), results in death of injured neurons and failure of severed axonal regeneration. Neurotrophin treatments are reported to induce sensory axons to regenerate through the DREZ after root avulsion (1) and severed axons to re-grow (2) across the lesion site (3) into distal host tissues (4), enhance neuronal survival after SCI (5) and TBI (6, 7).

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