Beneficial metabolic activities of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 15 in obesity and type 2 diabetes

doi:10.1007/s11684-015-0377-z

Front. Med.

2015, Vol. 9

Issue (2) : 139-145 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-015-0377-z

REVIEW

Beneficial metabolic activities of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 15 in obesity and type 2 diabetes

Jianping Ye(

)

Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA

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Abstract

In obesity, chronic inflammation is believed to induce insulin resistance and impairs adipose tissue function. Although this view is supported by a large body of literature, it has been challenged by growing evidence that pro-inflammatory cytokines may favor insulin sensitivity through induction of energy expenditure. In this review article, interleukin 15 (IL-15) is used as a new example to explain the beneficial effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-15 is secreted by multiple types of cells including macrophages, neutrophils and skeletal muscle cells. IL-15 expression is induced in immune cells by endotoxin and in muscle cells by physical exercise. Its transcription is induced by transcription factor NF-κB. IL-15 binds to its receptor that contains three different subunits (α, β and γ) to activate JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, IKK/NF-κB and JNK/AP1 pathways in cells. In the regulation of metabolism, IL-15 reduces weight gain without inhibiting food intake in rodents. IL-15 suppresses lipogenesis, stimulates brown fat function, improves insulin sensitivity through weight loss and energy expenditure. In human, circulating IL-15 is negatively associated with body weight. In the immune system, IL-15 stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T cells, NK cells, monocytes and neutrophils. In the anti-obesity effects of IL-15, T cells and NK cells are not required, but leptin receptor is required. In summary, evidence from human and rodents supports that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-15 may enhance energy expenditure to protect the body from obesity and type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of IL-15 action remains to be fully uncovered in the regulation of energy expenditure.

Keywords inflammation obesity cytokine energy expenditure insulin resistance

Corresponding Author(s): Jianping Ye

Just Accepted Date: 06 November 2014 Online First Date: 12 December 2014 Issue Date: 22 May 2015

Cite this article:

Jianping Ye. Beneficial metabolic activities of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 15 in obesity and type 2 diabetes[J]. Front. Med., 2015, 9(2): 139-145.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-015-0377-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/Y2015/V9/I2/139

Fig.1 Cellular sources and signaling pathways of IL-15.

Fig.2 Regulation of fat and glucose metabolism by IL-15.

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