Towards understanding biomineralization: calcium phosphate in a biomimetic mineralization process

doi:10.1007/s11706-009-0026-z

Front Mater Sci Chin

2009, Vol. 3

Issue (2) : 124-131 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-009-0026-z

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Towards understanding biomineralization: calcium phosphate in a biomimetic mineralization process

Yu-rong CAI^1,2, Rui-kang TANG²(

)

1. The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textile, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; 2. Department of Chemistry and Center for Biopathways and Biomaterials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

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Abstract

Biomineralization processes result in organic/inorganic hybrid materials with complex shapes, hierarchical structures, and superior material properties. Recent developments in biomineralization and biomaterials have demonstrated that calcium phosphate particles play an important role in the formation of hard tissues in nature. In this paper, current concepts in biomineralization, such as nano assembly, biomimetic shell structure, and their applications are introduced. It is confirmed experimentally that enamel- or bone-liked apatite can be achieved by oriented aggregations using nano calcium phosphates as starting materials. The assembly of calcium phosphate can be either promoted or inhibited by different biomolecules so that the kinetics can be regulated biologically. In this paper, the role of nano calcium phosphate in tissue repair is highlighted. Furthermore, a new, interesting result on biomimetic mineralization is introduced, which can offer an artificial shell for living cells via a biomimetic method.

Keywords biomineralization calcium phosphate tissue repair

Corresponding Author(s): TANG Rui-kang,Email:rtang@zju.edu.cn

Issue Date: 05 June 2009

Cite this article:

Yu-rong CAI,Rui-kang TANG. Towards understanding biomineralization: calcium phosphate in a biomimetic mineralization process[J]. Front Mater Sci Chin, 2009, 3(2): 124-131.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-009-0026-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2009/V3/I2/124

Fig.1 A schematic model of apatite evolution via the conglutination of HAP nanocrystallites (Under the control of biological components, such as Gly and Glu, the HAP subunits could be reorganized). The modifiers could determine the different evolutionary forms, e.g., one-dimensional linear assemblies or two-dimensional plates. The crystallized HAP was cemented by the amorphous phase with the flexible structure. The ACP could transform into thermodynamically stable HAP phases with time, and the individual HAP domains could fuse to form single HAP crystals (red). These single crystals might be used as the building blocks in the next level of architectures, and the hierarchical structures of apatite was achieved. The SEMs showed the corresponding experimental states of the nano-assembly of HAP [].)

Fig.2 Hierarchically constructed enamel-like apatite in the presence of amelogenin by using nano HAP as building blocks []

Fig.3 Enamel surface restored by nano-HAP; the typical “fish scale-like” structure remained (the 20 nm artifical HAP particles on the enamel rods are shown clearly in the insert); The HAP nanoparticles are integrated into the enamel rod after one week (the boundaries of the individual particles become blurry [])

Fig.4 Proliferations of MSCs on different HAP substrates (the control experiment was performed on glass)

Fig.5 Agarose electrophoresis gels showing the relative collagen I, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and beta-actin expression level studied by RT-PCR (The cells were cultured for two weeks under the same conditions as those in the ALP assay. It shows that nano HAP can act as an inorganic inducer in the differentiation [].)

Fig.6 SEM of bare ; can hardly be calcified and calcium minerals precipitate separately; Some calcium minerals precipitate randomly on the bare cell; with mineral coat after the LbL treatment; A large-scale view of the mineralized cells; TEM of a wrapped ; top insert, SAED pattern indicates the shells contains OCP; bottom insert, enlarged image of the shell; Dark field image shows the OCP phase (bright) around the cell; Ultra-thin section image of the encapsulated cell []

Fig.7 Survived cells in the presence of zymolyase (Lysis can be measured spectrophotometrically in a hypotonic solution in the present of zymolyase. The optical density of the cell suspension decreases as the cells lyse. Two inserts are the corresponding optical photos of the cells at the end of the experiments. It can be seen that zymolyase digests the walls, and the cells cannot maintain homeostasis and explode without the protection of the mineral shells [].)

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