From nanoparticles via microtemplates and milliparticles to deep-sea nodules: biogenically driven mineral formation

doi:10.1007/s11706-012-0164-6

Front Mater Sci

0, Vol.

Issue () : 97-115 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-012-0164-6

REVIEW ARTICLE

From nanoparticles via microtemplates and milliparticles to deep-sea nodules: biogenically driven mineral formation

Xiao-Hong WANG¹(

), Ute SCHLO?MACHER², Shun-Feng WANG¹, Heinz C. SCHR?DER², Matthias WIENS², Renato BATEL³, Werner E. G. MüLLER²(

)

1. National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, Beijing 100037, China; 2. ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; 3. Ru?er Bo?kovi? Institute, Center for Marine Research, Giordano Paliaga 5, HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia

Download: PDF(2017 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Deep-sea minerals in polymetallic nodules and seamount Co-rich crusts are not only formed by mineralization but also by biologically driven processes involving microorganisms (biomineralization). Within the polymetallic nodules, free-living and biofilm-forming bacteria provide the matrix for manganese deposition, and in seamount Co-rich crusts, coccolithophores represent the dominant organisms that act as bio-seeds for an initial manganese deposition. These (bio)minerals are economically important: manganese is an important alloying component and cobalt forms part of special steels in addition to being used, along with other rare metals, in plasma screens, hard-disk magnets and hybrid car motors. Recent progress in our understanding of the participation of the organic matrices in the enrichment of these metals might provide the basis for feasibility studies of biotechnological applications.

Keywords polymetallic nodule biomineralization bacteria sustainable exploitation

Corresponding Author(s): WANG Xiao-Hong,Email:wxh0408@hotmail.com (X.H.W.); MüLLER Werner E. G.,Email:wmueller@uni-mainz.de (W.E.G.M.)

Issue Date: 05 June 2012

Cite this article:

Xiao-Hong WANG,Ute SCHLO?MACHER,Shun-Feng WANG, et al. From nanoparticles via microtemplates and milliparticles to deep-sea nodules: biogenically driven mineral formation[J]. Front Mater Sci, 0, (): 97-115.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-012-0164-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y0/V/I/97

Fig.1 Polymetallic nodules; first description from the monograph of Murray [] based on the collection during the Challenger Expedition (1872 until 1876) [(A), (C), (E) and (G)] and - in comparison - samples dredged within the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (Eastern Pacific Ocean basin) [(B), (D), (F) and (H)].
A polymetallic nodules, collected in 1891 in the Coral Sea close to New Guinea. Outer appearance of a polymetallic nodule, with its smooth surface texture. Section through the center of a nodule originating from the South Pacific. Polished sections through a nodule. This nodule comprises at least four macrolamellae (la-1 to la-4), indicative for different histories during which the lamellae formed hydrogenetically. Broken nodule from the South Pacific with a [; white shark] tooth (t). A recently found nodule with a shark tooth (t). Small magnetic sherules (micronodules [mn]) within a nodule collected in the South Pacific. The smooth to lobated surfaces of the micronodules (mn) reflect efficiently light, while the interstitial material (im) remains less luminous.

Fig.2 Proposed non-enzymatic, biogenic deposition of minerals onto bacteria, from which the growth of nodules originate (scheme).
Abundantly iron and manganese biogenic deposits are seen in the hot springs, as shown here in the mountain region between Lake Baikal (Siberia) and the Khovsgol Lake in near the village Tunka. It is proposed that the S-layer (surface layer) particles, existing at the surface of the bacteria, promote the Mn deposition and hence the immobilization of the ions from the Mn soluble “precursor” ions. Via redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, controlled deposition/release processes are processed.

Fig.3 NANOSCALE ANALYSIS: Non-enzymatic Mn deposition onto S-layers, existing on the surface of bacteria. Those biogenic structures are assumed to act as bio-seeds.
S-layers, crystalline structures, onto the surfaces of the cone-like bacteria. Each individual cone-like structure (operationally abbreviated here with: b; standing for bacteria) with dimensions of 800 nm × 300 nm is decorated at its outward directed surface, with 20 to 25 pillar-shaped protrusions (p) [representing S-layers] measuring a size of 75 nm × 45 nm. Horizontal view onto a subsurface layer within a nodule, comprising cone-like structures (b). Cone-like structures (b) on a plane area within nodules. The phalanx of cones is arranged in parallel lines on the surface of the plane structure, representing a previous biofilm (bf). The individual cones have a size of 0.8 to 1.0 μm and are regularly arranged in a pattern with an interspacing of 1.0 to 1.5 μm. Element distribution within the nodule, as analyzed by EPMA. The (relative) concentration changes for the following two elements are shown here for manganese (D) and for iron (E). (Scale) The relative concentrations increase with a change in color from dark/blue to yellow to red.

Fig.4 MICROSCALE ANALYSIS: Microorganisms, cocci [from (A) to (C)] and rod-like microorganisms [from (E) to (G)] present in micronodules; SEM analysis.
Within the nodules, both cocci (co) and rods (ro) are seen; surface (su) of the micronodule. Cocci arranged in bead-like chains, known from the genus . An individual coccus revealing small-sized platelets on its surface. In some regions within the nodule rod-like microorganisms (ro) are dominant of cocci (co). One rod-chain (ro) composed of microorganisms. Two division septa (s) within the linearly oriented rods rod-chain (ro(c)) are shown. Solid shell (sh) disclosing an internal hollow space. The shell is made of a Coccolithophore.

Fig.5 MILLISCALE ANALYSIS: Nodule morphology; light optical analysis [(A) and (B)]; SEM [from (C) to (F)].
Nodules were collected from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean. A cross breakage of a nodule displays the lamellar structure with a pale-gray submetallic luster. The outer lamella (la) is dark brown to black, suggesting a composition of birnessite (bi). The individual lamellae are separated by a zone that comprises a dendritic, ornamentous pattern. This pattern is assembled and composed of single blackish drops, termed here micronodules (mn). Those micronodules are dominant in the surface lamella. Between the darkmetallic micronodules, an interstitial, whitish material (im) can be distinguished. The micronodules (mn) become well distinguishable after breaking the nodules. Frequently, the micronodules (mn) are clustered together and embedded in a nest. At the site of fracture, the micronodules (mn) appear as convex protuberances. Between the micronodules, an interstitial material (im) with a different texture without protuberances exists.

Fig.6 Schematic illustration of the formation of polymetallic nodules from micronodules. Initially, a bio-seed is formed when bacteria adhere to a substrate formed of minute clay/sand aggregates. This bio-seed (magenta) functions as a template and allows the progression of mineralization through abiogenic processes, which lead to the formation of micronodules (brown) that are further assembled into nests (blue) and, finally, into a nodule (red) formed of many nests. Nodules are formed under (rotating) movements caused by, for example, water currents on the sea floor, and additional inorganic abiogenic material is incorporated.

Fig.7 Schematic illustration of the enzymatically caused Mn deposition and release, mediated by a Mn(II)-oxidizing Bacillus strain that co-exist with the demosponge .
Sequence structure of the mnxG gene (termed mnxG-SubDo-03), identified in the -related strain, isolated from . The schematic representation of the mnx region with the central gene MnxG-SubDo-03 is attributed to the MCO [multicopper oxidase] enzyme. The locations of the putative Cu-binding regions within MnxG-SubDo-03, the regions E to F, have been indicated. The primers to identify the MCO from the sponge-associated bacteria (BAC-SubDo-03) span the regions C to B; the respective locations are indicated using the numbering of the gene isolated from the bacterial strain SG-1. The consensus Cu-binding sequence motifs (C/D and A/B) found in all MCOs are marked. In contrast to the controls (left) the bacteria that had incubated in Mn-containing K-medium become decorated with a manganese shell (right). Schematic representation of the proposed role of the BAC-SubDo-03 Bacillus strain, associated with , as an agent in Mn storage. It is outlined that under high Mn concentrations the bacteria take up Mn(II) from the environment through the MCO and deposit the ions as insoluble Mn(IV) on their cell wall. If Mn exists in the environment only at low concentrations the MCO allows the enrichment of the element to physiological levels. Intracellularly, in the sponge body, Mn is solubilized by reduction from Mn(IV) to Mn(II), released from the cell wall and becomes available as co-factor in a series of essential enzymes involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species.

Fig.8 Protein with binding affinity to polymetallic nodules.
Screening system by phage display expression, identifying the sequence of the oligopeptide with binding affinity to polymetallic nodules. Based on this sequence and the EST database of a (putative) metal-binding protein had been identified. Sequence alignment of the putative metal-binding protein (MBD_SUBDO) with the mouse ribosome biogenesis protein [C16orf42 homolog isoform 1] (C16orf42_MUS; accession number NP_080952). Gaps are indicated with dashes (-). The consensus amino acids are given above the two polypeptides. The two domains identified () the Fer4-like domain in RNase L inhibitor, RLI (+RLI+) and () the domain of unknown function (DUF367) (-DUF367-) are marked in red and blue, respectively.

Fig.9 Functionalized MnO nanoparticles.
Schematic illustration of those MnO nanoparticles, functionalized using a multifunctional polymeric ligand through suitable anchor groups and carrying amine moieties. Protoporphyrin is bound to PEG800 shell via an amide bond. The protoporphyrin IX tagged MnO nanoparticles are used as photodynamic therapeutic agents to induce localized and intracellularly induced apoptosis in Caki-1 cells. Light microscopic images of human kidney cancer cells (Caki-1). MnO-DA-PEG-PP nanoparticles exhibit red fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope that can be co-localized to cell cores stained with DAPI. Caki-1 incubated with MnO-PP, and labeling of Caki-1 incubated with MnO-DA-PEG-PP and Annexin-V. These cells were not irradiated and, therefore, show no signs of apoptosis. Caki-1 cells incubated with MnO-DA-PEG-PP and irradiated with light of a wavelength of 630 nm. Fluorescence of the nanoparticles within the cells, Annexin-V fluorescence of apoptotic cells, and overlay of (d) and (e).

1	Mero J. Ocean-floor manganese nodules. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists , 1962, 57(5): 747-767
2	Schrope M. Digging deep. Nature , 2007, 447(7142): 246-247
3	Murray J. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the Years 1873-76-Deep Sea Deposits. London: H. M. S. Stationery Office, 1891
4	Murray J, Philippi E. Die Grundproben der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, 1898-99 auf dem Dampfer. In: Valdivia Wiss. Ergeb. Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition . Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1908, Vol. 10: 77-207 (in German)
5	Francheteau J, Needham H D, Choukroune P, . Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise? Nature , 1979, 277(5697): 523-528
6	Lowenstam H A, Weiner S. On Biomineralization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989
7	Müller W E G, ed. Silicon Biomineralization: Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Biotechnology. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2003
8	Gilbert P U P A, Abrecht M, Frazer B H. The organic–mineral interface in biominerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry , 2005, 59(1): 157-185
9	Amy P S, Caldwell B A, Soeldner A H, . Microbial activity and ultrastructure of mineral-based marine snow from Howe Sound, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic , 1987, 44(6): 1135-1142
10	Herndl G J. Ecology of amorphous aggregations (marine snow) in the Northern Adriatic Sea. . Microbial density and activity in marine snow and its implication to overall pelagic processes. Marine Ecology Progress Series , 1988, 48: 265-275
11	Müller W E G, Riemer S, Kurelec B, . Chemosensitizers of the multixenobiotic resistance in amorphous aggregates (marine snow): etiology of mass killing on the benthos in the Northern Adriatic? Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , 1998, 6(4): 229-238
12	Leppard G G. Structure/function/activity relationships in marine snow. Current understanding and suggested research thrusts. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità , 1999, 35(3): 389-395
13	Cottrell M T, Mannino A, Kirchman D L. Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and the North Pacific Gyre. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2006, 72(1): 557-564
14	Persson A E, Schoeman B J, Sterte J, . Synthesis of stable suspensions of discrete colloidal zeolite (Na, TPA)ZSM-5 crystals. Zeolites , 1995, 15(7): 611-619
15	Müller W E G, Wang X H, Belikov S I, . Formation of siliceous spicules in demosponges: example Suberites domuncula. In: B?uerleinE, ed. Handbook of Biomineralization, Vol. 1: Biological Aspects and Structure Formation . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2007, 59-82
16	Schr?der H C, Wang X H, Tremel W, . Biofabrication of biosilica-glass by living organisms. Natural Product Reports , 2008, 25(3): 455-474
17	Cha J N, Shimizu K, Zhou Y, . Silicatein filaments and subunits from a marine sponge direct the polymerization of silica and silicones in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 1999, 96(2): 361-365
18	Morse D E. Silicon biotechnology: harnessing biological silica production to construct new materials. Trends in Biotechnology , 1999, 17(6): 230-232
19	Krasko A, Lorenz B, Batel R, . Expression of silicatein and collagen genes in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula is controlled by silicate and myotrophin. European Journal of Biochemistry , 2000, 267(15): 4878-4887
20	Müller W E G, Schlo?macher U, Wang X H, . Poly(silicate)-metabolizing silicatein in siliceous spicules and silicasomes of demosponges comprises dual enzymatic activities (silica polymerase and silica esterase). FEBS Journal , 2008, 275(2): 362-370
21	Müller W E G, Rothenberger M, Boreiko A, . Formation of siliceous spicules in the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula. Cell and Tissue Research , 2005, 321(2): 285-297
22	Müller W E G, Eckert C, Kropf K, . Formation of giant spicules in the deep-sea hexactinellid Monorhaphis chuni (Schulze 1904): electron-microscopic and biochemical studies. Cell and Tissue Research , 2007, 329(2): 363-378
23	Wang X H, Boreiko A, Schlo?macher U, . Axial growth of hexactinellid spicules: Formation of cone-like structural units in the giant basal spicules of the hexactinellid Monorhaphis. Journal of Structural Biology , 2008, 164(3): 270-280
24	Müller W E G, Wang X H, Kropf K, . Bioorganic/inorganic hybrid composition of sponge spicules: Matrix of the giant spicules and of the comitalia of the deep sea hexactinellid Monorhaphis. Journal of Structural Biology , 2008, 161(2): 188-203
25	Somayajulu B L K. Growth rates of oceanic manganese nodules: Implications to their genesis, palaeo-earth environment and resource potential. Current Science , 2000, 78(3): 300-308
26	Kerr R A. Manganese Nodules Grow by Rain from Above: The rain of plant and animal remains falling into the deep sea not only provides metals to nodules but also determines nodule growth rates and composition. Science , 1984, 223(4636): 576-577
27	Glasby G P. Manganese: predominant role of nodules and crusts. In: Schulz H D, Zabel M, eds. Marine Geochemistry (2nd ed). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006
28	Wang X H, Schlossmacher U, Wiens M, . Biogenic origin of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: electron microscopic and EDX evidence. Marine Biotechnology , 2009, 11(1): 99-108
29	Halbach P, Friedrich G, Stackelberg U v. The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific Ocean: Geological Environment, Nodule Formation, and Mining Aspects. Stuttgart: Enke Verlag, 1988
30	Cronan D S, ed. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
31	Zhamoida V A, Butylin W P, Glasby G P, . The nature of ferromanganese concretions from the eastern gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology , 1996, 14(2): 161-176
32	Anufriev G, Boltenkov B S. Ferromanganese nodules of the Baltic Sea: Composition, helium isotopes, and growth rate. Lithology and Mineral Resources , 2007, 42(3): 240-245
33	Kawamoto H. Japan’s policies to be adopted on rare metal resources. Quarterly Review , 2008, (27): 57-76
34	Thijssen T, Glasby G P, Friedrich G, . Manganese nodules in the Central Peru Basin. Chemie der Erde , 1985, 44: 1-12
35	Kester D R. Dissolved gases other than CO₂. In: RileyJ P, SkirrowG, eds. Chemical Oceanography (2nd edition). London: Academic Press, 1975, 498-556
36	Bruland K W, Orians K J, Cowen J P. Reactive trace metals in the stratified central North Pacific. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 1994, 58(15): 3171-3182
37	Glasby G P. Mechanism of incorporation of manganese and associated trace elements in marine manganese nodules. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review , 1974, 12: 11-40
38	Murray J W, Brewer P G. Mechanism of removal of manganese, iron and other trace metals from seawater. In: GlasbyG P, ed. Marine Manganese Deposits . Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1977, 291-325
39	Chukhrov F V, Zvyagin B B, Yermilova L P, . Mineralogical criteria in the origin of marine iron-manganese nodules. Mineralium Deposita , 1976, 11(1): 24-32
40	Hastings D, Emerson M. Oxidation of manganese by spores of a marine bacillus: kinetics and thermodynamic considerations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 1986, 50(8): 1819-1824
41	Ehrlich H L. Geomicrobiology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2002, 768
42	Dymond J, Eklund W. A microprobe study of metalliferous sediment components. Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 1978, 40(2): 243-251
43	Post J E. Manganese oxide minerals: crystal structures and economic and environmental significance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 1999, 96(7): 3447-3454
44	Koschinsky A, Halbach P. Sequential leaching of marine ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 1995, 59(24): 5113-5132
45	Bonatti E, Nayudu Y R. The origin of the manganese nodules on the seafloor. American Journal of Science , 1965, 263(1): 17-39
46	Moore W S, Ku T-L, Macdougall J D, . Fluxes of metals to a manganese nodule radiochemical, chemical, structural, and mineral studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 1981, 52(1): 151-171
47	Wang X H, Müller W E G. Marine biominerals: perspectives and challenges for polymetallic nodules and crusts. Trends in Biotechnology , 2009, 27(6): 375-383
48	Wang X H, Schr?der H C, Schlo?macher U, . Organized bacterial assemblies in manganese nodules: evidence for a role of S-layers in metal deposition. Geo-Marine Letters , 2009, 29(2): 85-91
49	Sleytr U B, Messner P. Crystalline surface layers on bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology , 1983, 37(1): 311-339
50	Sleytr U B, Messner P, Pum D, . Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S layers): from supramolecular cell structure to biomimetics and nanotechnology. Angewandte Chemie International Edition , 1999, 38(8): 1034-1054
51	Wang X H, Schlo?macher U, Natalio F, . Evidence for biogenic processes during formation of ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean: implications of biologically induced mineralization. Micron , 2009, 40(5-6): 526-535
52	Wang X H, Schr?der H C, Wiens M, . Manganese/polymetallic nodules: Micro-structural characterization of exolithobiontic and endolithobiontic microbial biofilms by scanning electron microscopy. Micron , 2009, 40(3): 350-358
53	Wang X H, Gan L, Wiens M, . Distribution of microfossils within polymetallic nodules: Biogenic clusters within manganese layers. Marine Biotechnology , 2012, 14(1): 96-105
54	Ryan K J, Ray C G, eds. Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed). New York: McGraw Hill, 2004
55	Szeto J, Ramirez-Arcos S, Raymond C, . Gonococcal MinD affects cell division in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli and exhibits a novel self-interaction. Journal of Bacteriology , 2001, 183(21): 6253-6264
56	Stackelberg U v. Manganese nodules of the Peru Basin. In: CronanD S, ed. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits . Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000, 197-238
57	Novikov G V, Murdmaa I O. Ion exchange properties of oceanic ferromanganese nodules and enclosing pelagic sediments. Lithology and Mineral Resources , 2007, 42(2): 137-167
58	Jedwab J. Cosmic dust in manganese nodules: pictures from the Report on “Deep-sea deposits” of the H.M.S. Challenger’s Expedition. Internet (http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/cosmicdust.pdf), 2011
59	Mengele R, Sumper M. Drastic differences in glycosylation of related S-layer glycoproteins from moderate and extreme halophiles. The Journal of Biological Chemistry , 1992, 267(12): 8182-8185
60	Schultze-Lam S, Thompson J B, Beveridge T J. Metal ion immobilization by bacterial surfaces in fresh water environments. Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada , 1993, 28: 51-81
61	Schultze-Lam S, Beveridge T J. Physicochemical characteristics of the mineral-forming S-layer from the cyanobacterium synechococcus strain GL24. Canadian Journal of Microbiology , 1994, 40(3): 216-223
62	Fortin D, Ferris F G, Beveridge T J. Surface-mediated mineral development by bacteria. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry , 1997, 35: 161-180
63	Wang X H, Wiens M, Divekar M, . Isolation and characterization of a Mn(II)-oxidizing Bacillus strain from the demosponge Suberites domuncula. Marine Drugs , 2011, 9(1): 1-28
64	Bargar J R, Tebo B M, Villinski J E. In situ characterization of Mn(II) oxidation by spores of the marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 2000, 64(16): 2775-2778
65	Müller W E G, Wang X H, Cui F Z, . Sponge spicules as blueprints for the biofabrication of inorganic-organic composites and biomaterials. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 2009, 83(3): 397-413
66	Dupraz C, Visscher P T. Microbial lithification in marine stromatolites and hypersaline mats. Trends in Microbiology , 2005, 13(9): 429-438
67	Ehrlich H L. Ocean manganese nodules: biogenesis and bioleaching. In: KawatraS K, NatarajanK A, eds. Mineral Biotechnology: Microbial Aspects of Mineral Beneficiation, Metal Extraction, and Environmental Control . Littleton: American Technical Publishers Ltd., 2001, 239-252
68	Rodi D J, Makowski L. Phage-display technology — finding a needle in a vast molecular haystack. Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 1999, 10(1): 87-93
69	Coligan J E, Dunn B M, Ploegh H L, . Current Protocols in Protein Science. Chichester , USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2000, 2.0.1-2.8.17
70	Wiens M, Schr?der H C, Korzhev M, . Inducible ASABF-type antimicrobial peptide from the sponge Suberites domuncula: microbicidal and hemolytic activity in vitro and toxic effect on molluscs in vivo. Marine Drugs , 2011, 9(10): 1969-1994
71	Schladt T D, Schneider K, Shukoor M I, . Highly soluble multifunctional MnO nanoparticles for simultaneous optical and MRI imaging and cancer treatment using photodynamic therapy. Journal of Materials Chemistry , 2010, 20(38): 8297-8304

[1]	Yechen Hu, Lin Zhang, Yafeng Huang, Xiufang Chen, Fengtao Chen, Wangyang Lu. Facile fabrication of superior antibacterial cotton fabric based on ZnO nanoparticles/quaternary ammonium salts hybrid composites and mechanism study[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2023, 17(2): 230643-.
[2]	Fangling Li, Xiaoman Han, Dongdong Cao, Junxia Yin, Li Chen, Dongmei Li, Lin Cui, Zhiyong Liu, Xuhong Guo. Heat preservation, antifouling, hemostatic and antibacterial aerogel wound dressings for emergency treatment[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2023, 17(2): 230641-.
[3]	Ziming Liao, Jingxuan Li, Yimeng Su, Fenyan Miao, Xiumei Zhang, Yu Gu, Jingjing Du, Ruiqiang Hang, Yan Wei, Weiyi Chen, Di Huang. Antibacterial hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium dental implants[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2023, 17(1): 230628-.
[4]	Chuang XIAO, Ge ZHANG, Wencheng LIANG, Zhaochuang WANG, Qiaohui LU, Weibin SHI, Yan ZHOU, Yong GUAN, Meidong LANG. Preparation of green cellulose diacetate-based antibacterial wound dressings for wound healing[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(2): 220599-.
[5]	Wenbo ZHUANG, Dafeng HU, Xudong ZHANG, Kai XIONG, Xiao DING, Jian LU, Yong MAO, Peng YANG, Chao LIU, Yanfen WAN. *Antimicrobial power of biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles using refined Ginkgo biloba* leaf extracts**[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(2): 220594-.
[6]	Xia HE, Qingchun LIU, Ying ZHOU, Zhan CHEN, Chenlu ZHU, Wanhui JIN. Graphene oxide-silver/cotton fiber fabric with anti-bacterial and anti-UV properties for wearable gas sensors[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2021, 15(3): 406-415.
[7]	Tanya NANDA, Ankita RATHORE, Deepika SHARMA. Biomineralized and chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles: A contrast[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(4): 387-401.
[8]	Yuxuan MAO, Mingming PAN, Huilin YANG, Xiao LIN, Lei YANG. Injectable hydrogel wound dressing based on strontium ion cross-linked starch[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(2): 232-241.
[9]	Kun YANG, Jinghuan TIAN, Wei QU, Bo LUAN, Ke LIU, Jun LIU, Likui WANG, Junhui JI, Wei ZHANG. Host-mediated biofilm forming promotes post-graphene pathogen expansion via graphene micron-sheet[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(2): 221-231.
[10]	Zhihong JING, Xiue LIU, Yan DU, Yuanchun HE, Tingjiang YAN, Wenliang WANG, Wenjuan LI. Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and photocatalytic performance of Ag/AgI/TiO₂ hollow sphere composites[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(1): 1-13.
[11]	Xiao-Jing JI, Qiang CHENG, Jing WANG, Yan-Bin ZHAO, Zhuang-Zhuang HAN, Fen ZHANG, Shuo-Qi LI, Rong-Chang ZENG, Zhen-Lin WANG. Corrosion resistance and antibacterial effects of hydroxyapatite coating induced by polyacrylic acid and gentamicin sulfate on magnesium alloy[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(1): 87-98.
[12]	Inamullah MAITLO, Safdar ALI, Muhammad Yasir AKRAM, Farooq Khurum SHEHZAD, Jun NIE. Binary phase solid-state photopolymerization of acrylates: design, characterization and biomineralization of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2017, 11(4): 307-317.
[13]	Qilin WEI,Feiyang XU,Xingjian XU,Xue GENG,Lin YE,Aiying ZHANG,Zengguo FENG. The multifunctional wound dressing with core–shell structured fibers prepared by coaxial electrospinning[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2016, 10(2): 113-121.
[14]	Dan-Dan CHEN,Xiao-Ming FENG,Chun-Ren WANG,Qing-Quan HUANG,Zhao-Peng YANG,Qing-Yuan MENG. A new method for concentration analysis of bacterial endotoxins in perfluorocarbon[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2014, 8(4): 399-402.
[15]	Lei YANG, Chao ZHONG. Advanced engineering and biomimetic materials for bone repair and regeneration[J]. Front Mater Sci, 2013, 7(4): 313-334.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed