Facile fabrication of superior antibacterial cotton fabric based on ZnO nanoparticles/quaternary ammonium salts hybrid composites and mechanism study

doi:10.1007/s11706-023-0643-y

Front. Mater. Sci.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (2) : 230643 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-023-0643-y

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Facile fabrication of superior antibacterial cotton fabric based on ZnO nanoparticles/quaternary ammonium salts hybrid composites and mechanism study

Yechen Hu, Lin Zhang, Yafeng Huang, Xiufang Chen(

), Fengtao Chen(

), Wangyang Lu

National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China

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Abstract

In the research for the safe and efficiently antibacterial cotton fabrics to minimize risk for human health, an organic–inorganic hybrid material of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) was employed to modify cotton fabrics by a dipping–padding–drying method. The synergistic effects of ZnO NPs and QAS on the structure and antibacterial properties of cotton fabrics were studied in detail. Results displayed that the QAS and ZnO NPs were immobilized firmly in cotton fabric by the formation of chemical covalent bonds and silica gel structure. ZnO/QAS/cotton had a good inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, with superior antibacterial efficiency of >99.99%. ZnO/QAS/cotton preserved good mechanical property, water absorbability, and limpness. We also provided a detailed analysis of antibacterial mechanism for the hybrid materials. The contact mechanism and the Zn²⁺ release were considered as the main mechanisms for the ZnO/QAS/cotton, while the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation only had a little contribution to the antibacterial activity. In short, the excellent integrated properties endowed the hybrid cotton fabrics as potential application in many fields, like healthcare, food packaging.

Keywords ZnO quaternary ammonium salt organic–inorganic hybrid material antibacterial mechanism

Corresponding Author(s): Xiufang Chen,Fengtao Chen

About author:

*These authors equally shared correspondence to this manuscript.

Issue Date: 28 April 2023

Cite this article:

Yechen Hu,Lin Zhang,Yafeng Huang, et al. Facile fabrication of superior antibacterial cotton fabric based on ZnO nanoparticles/quaternary ammonium salts hybrid composites and mechanism study[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2023, 17(2): 230643.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-023-0643-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2023/V17/I2/230643

Fig.1 The schematic diagram of the fabrication of ZnO/QAS/cotton.

Fig.2 XRD patterns of ZnO (a), cotton (b), ZnO/cotton (c), QAS/cotton (d), and ZnO/QAS/cotton (e).

Fig.3 (a) Survey XPS spectrum and high-resolution XPS spectra of (b) C 1s, (c) Zn 2p, (d) O 1s, (e) Si 2p, and (f) N 1s of ZnO/QAS/cotton.

Fig.4 SEM images of (a₁)(a₂)(a₃) cotton, (b₁)(b₂)(b₃) ZnO/cotton, (c₁)(c₂)(c₃) QAS/cotton, and (d₁)(d₂)(d₃) ZnO/QAS/cotton.

Fig.5 Static contact angle images of (a) cotton, (b) ZnO/cotton, (c) QAS/cotton, and (d) ZnO/QAS/cotton.

Fig.6 Antibacterial activities of various cotton fabrics against E. coli and S. aureus.

Fig.7 The antibacterial activities against E. coli by different antibacterial cotton fabrics at different times.

Fig.8 SEM images of E. coli on the cotton fabrics after antibacterial test for 18 h: (a)(b) cotton; (c)(d) ZnO/QAS/cotton.

Fig.9 Fluorescence merge images, and SYTO 9 and PI staining images in BacLight Live/Dead assay by different cotton fabrics after antibacterial test for 18 h.

Fig.10 The zeta potential plots of cotton, ZnO/cotton, QAS/cotton, and ZnO/QAS/cotton in saturated potassium chloride solution with pH = 7.0.

Fig.11 The effect of Zn²⁺ ions in ZnO/cotton and ZnO/QAS/cotton on the antibacterial activity.

Fig.12 Antibacterial ability of different antibacterial cotton fabrics for E. coli containing various ROS scavengers (control represents native cotton, and OS represents ZnO/QAS/cotton).

Fig.13 The effect of mechanical damage on antibacterial properties against (a) E. coli and (b) S. aureus.

Fig.14 The main antibacterial mechanisms diagram of ZnO/QAS/cotton.

Fig.15 (a) Strain–stress curves, (b) tensile stresses, (c) water absorbability values, (d) vapor transmission rates, and (e) limpness values of the antibacterial samples.

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