S-, N- and C-doped ZnO as semiconductor photocatalysts: A review

doi:10.1007/s11706-019-0453-4

Front. Mater. Sci.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (1) : 1-22 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-019-0453-4

REVIEW ARTICLE

S-, N- and C-doped ZnO as semiconductor photocatalysts: A review

Vijaya KUMARI¹, Anuj MITTAL¹, Jitender JINDAL², Suprabha YADAV¹, Naveen KUMAR¹(

)

¹. Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
². Department of Chemistry, R.P.S. Degree College, Mohindergarh, India

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Abstract

In the past few decades, many novel non-metal doped ZnO materials have developed hasty interest due to their adaptable properties such as low recombination rate and high activity under the solar light exposure. In this article, we compiled recent research advances in non-metal (S, N, C) doped ZnO, emphasizing on the related mechanism of catalysis and the effect of non-metals on structural, morphological, optical and photocatalytic characteristics of ZnO. This review will enhance the knowledge about the advancement in ZnO and will help in synthesizing new ZnO-based materials with modified structural and photocatalytic properties.

Keywords degradation recombination mechanism photocatalyst pollutant

Corresponding Author(s): Naveen KUMAR

Online First Date: 22 February 2019 Issue Date: 07 March 2019

Cite this article:

Vijaya KUMARI,Anuj MITTAL,Jitender JINDAL, et al. S-, N- and C-doped ZnO as semiconductor photocatalysts: A review[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(1): 1-22.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-019-0453-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2019/V13/I1/1

Fig.1 Schematic illustrating the degradation mechanism of the semiconductor-assisted photocatalytic process.

Fig.2 FESEM images of as-prepared ZnO samples synthesized with different compositions of the reaction mixture: (a)(b) Zn²⁺/NaOH 1:2, EA/H₂O 1:6; (c)(d) Zn²⁺/NaOH 1:6, EA/H₂O 1:6; (e)(f) Zn²⁺/NaOH 1:12, EA/H₂O 1:6; (g)(h) Zn²⁺/NaOH 1:12, EA/H₂O 6:1. Reproduced from Ref. [⁶³] with permission of American Chemical Society, Copyright 2011.

Fig.3 Layout of the non-metal and metal ions co-doped ZnO for the photodegradation.

Tab.1 Summary of synthesis techniques, raw materials, morphologies and applications of ZnO/S [⁶⁷,⁶⁹,⁷⁵–⁷⁶,⁸⁰,⁸⁶,⁹²]

Fig.5 Low-temperature PL spectra measured at 10 K of S-doped ZnO nanostructures and pure ZnO nanowires: (a) full spectra; (b)(c) UV region. Reproduced from Ref. [⁶⁷] with permission of American Chemical Society, Copyright 2005.

Fig.6 Schematic energy level diagram of N-doped ZnO for photodegradation.

Tab.2 List of synthesis methods, sources, conditions, morphologies, applications and band gaps of ZnO/N [¹⁰⁰,¹¹¹,¹²⁴–¹²⁸]

Tab.3 Summary of methods, sources, morphologies and band gaps of ZnO/C [²¹,⁴³,⁴⁷,¹⁷¹–¹⁷²,¹⁷⁹,¹⁸³–¹⁸⁴]

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