Influence of temperature on preparing mesoporous mixed phase N/TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite with enhanced solar light photocatalytic activity

doi:10.1007/s11706-019-0481-0

Front. Mater. Sci.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (4) : 352-366 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-019-0481-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Influence of temperature on preparing mesoporous mixed phase N/TiO₂ nanocomposite with enhanced solar light photocatalytic activity

Elias ASSAYEHEGN^1,^2,³(

), Ananthakumar SOLAIAPPAN¹, Yonas CHEBUDIE⁴, Esayas ALEMAYEHU⁵(

)

¹. Materials Science and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, India
². National Centre for Catalysis Research, and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Madras, Chennai-600036, India
³. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
⁴. Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
⁵. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia

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Abstract

Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N/TiO₂) nanophotocatalysts were successfully synthesized in the presence of environmentally benign nitrogen dopant source, guanidinium chloride, by the sol–gel method. The effect of calcination temperature (300–600 °C) on their physicochemical properties was investigated by means XRD, XPS, FESEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis DRS, PL and BET. Moreover, their photocatalytic activities were evaluated against rhodamine B (RhB) degradation under direct sun light. Results showed that the crystal phase of spheroidal N/TiO₂ nanoparticles was changed from anatase (300 °C) to rutile (600 °C) via an intermediate anatase/rutile (A/R) mixed phase (400–500 °C), and the RhB photodegradation performance was increased with the decrease of the calcination temperature. Notably, N/TiO₂ prepared at 400 °C demonstrated the best degradation performance (99%) after 5 h irradiation. The enhanced performance with high photostability was mainly attributed to its higher surface area and pore volume, stronger light absorption, and lower recombination rate. Such nanomaterials have practical applications for environmental remediation.

Keywords nitrogen doping TiO₂ rhodamine B mixed photocatalyst guanidinium chloride

Corresponding Author(s): Elias ASSAYEHEGN,Esayas ALEMAYEHU

Online First Date: 19 November 2019 Issue Date: 04 December 2019

Cite this article:

Elias ASSAYEHEGN,Ananthakumar SOLAIAPPAN,Yonas CHEBUDIE, et al. Influence of temperature on preparing mesoporous mixed phase N/TiO₂ nanocomposite with enhanced solar light photocatalytic activity[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(4): 352-366.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-019-0481-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2019/V13/I4/352

Tab.1 Synthesis parameters and summaries of XRD results of as-obtained photocatalysts

Fig.1 (a) XRD of as obtained nanomaterials: N-0 (i); N-300 (ii); N-400 (iii); N-500 (iv); N-600 (v). (b) Raman spectra of N-400, N-500 and N-600.

Fig.2 FESEM images of N/TiO₂: (a) N-300, (b) N-400, (c) N-500 and (d) N-600. HRTEM images of (e)(f) N-400.

Fig.3 (a) N₂ sorption isotherms and (b) pore-size distribution plots of as-obtained N/TiO₂.

Tab.2 Specific surface area, pore structure and band gap energy of as-obtained TiO₂

Fig.4 (a) DRS spectra (with inset photographs of N-0 and N-400), (b) Kubelka?Munk plot and (c) PL spectra of as-obtained TiO₂ and N/TiO₂ nanomaterials.

Fig.5 (a) XPS survey spectra, (b) Ti 2p spectra, and (c) N 1s spectra of N-0 and N-400.

Fig.6 (a) RhB degradation rate under sun light of obtained samples. (b) UV-vis spectra of RhB solutions after their respective irradiation time over N-400 (with inset photographs before and after the final degradation). (c) RhB photodegradation performance of synthesized samples after 100 min sun light and (d) their corresponding pseudo first order kinetics.

Fig.7 Scheme 1 Proposed sun-light-induced photocatalytic mechanism over N/TiO₂ photocatalyst.

Fig. S1 XRD patterns of as-obtained nanomaterials, spotting brookite peak at 30.6°.

Fig. S2 FESEM image of undoped TiO₂, N-0.

Fig. S3 EDS results of as-obtained (a) N-0, (b) N-300, (c) N-400, (d) N-500, and (e) N-600.

Fig. S4 (a) N₂ sorption isotherms and (b) pore-size distribution plots of obtained N-0.

Fig. S5 Ti 2p spectra of (a) N-0 and (b) N-400.

Fig. S6 Photodegradation mechanism of RhB over a surface of photocatalyst.

Fig. S7 UV-vis spectra of RhB solutions after their respective irradiation time over (a) N-0, (b) N-300, (c) N-500 and (d) N-600.

Fig. S8 Recycling performance test of N-400 under 5 h sun-light irradiation.

Table S1 The reaction rate constant (k) of RhB degradation in the presence of various pure and N/TiO₂ photocatalysts under sun light

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