Depression is an emotional disorder with a complex and diverse etiology. In recent years, the worldwide incidence of depression has shown an increasing trend and has become a serious health worldwide. Anhedonia is one of the core symptoms of major depressive disorder, and it has a specific impact on the condition and prognosis of patients. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) esketamine has been found to have a specific therapeutic effect on depression. The purpose of this article was to review the possible mechanism of the ketamine molecule on anhedonia in depression, as well as the related studies on the general therapeutic effects. The results show that ketamine can improve the symptoms of anhedonia in depression as a drug and highlight the feasibility of using it.

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) in elderly patients with cerebrovascular disease and emotional disorder. Methods: Sixty-seven patients with cerebrovascular disease aged 60 years or above and with white matter hyperintensity (WMH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were enrolled in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score: vascular depression group (WMH with depression) and non-depressive group (WMH without depression). TCD was performed in both groups, and the results of vascular pulsatility index (PI) and average blood flow velocity (Vm) were compared. Results: A total of 67 elderly patients were enrolled, with 33 cases in the vascular depression group and 34 in the non-depression group according to HAMD scores.(1) No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in age, gender, smoking history, alcohol consumption history, hypertension history, diabetes history, ischemic stroke history, hemorrhagic stroke history, coronary heart disease history, white matter score, and white matter grading (P > 0.05). (2) The Vm on both sides of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the vascular depression group was significantly lower than that in the non-depressive group (P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found in Vm on both sides of the terminal internal carotid artery (TICA) between the two groups (P > 0.05). (3) The PI on both sides of the ACA and MCA in the vascular depressive group was significantly higher than that in the non-depression group (P < 0.05), while no statistically significant difference was observed in TICA PI values (P > 0.05). (4) No statistically significant differences were found in Vm and PI values of the left ACA and MCA compared to the right side in the vascular depression group (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The hemodynamic disturbance of vascular depression can be manifested as increased resistance and slowed flow velocity of intracranial small arteries. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound is a valuable method for dynamic evaluation and auxiliary diagnosis of vascular depression.

Objective: To investigate the differences in childhood trauma and life events between adolescents with depression and healthy controls, and to analyze the correlations between these factors and depressive symptoms. As such, we aim to provide theoretical foundations for early identification and intervention. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 90 hospitalized adolescents with depression (case group) and 91 healthy adolescents (control group). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC), and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) were administered to assess trauma history, life event stressors, and depressive symptoms. Statistical analyses included independent samples t-tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The case group demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of only-child families (28.9%). ASLEC and CDI scores were significantly elevated in the case group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In comparison, CTQ scores were lower in the case group (P = 0.025). Positive correlations were identified between CDI scores and both CTQ (r = 0.261) and ASLEC (r = 0.218) in the case group. Conclusion: Childhood trauma and recent life event stressors demonstrate significant associations with adolescent depressive symptoms, potentially mediated through emotional dysregulation and negative cognitive bias. Implementation of early trauma screening protocols combined with stress management interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy) and family system optimization strategies may effectively mitigate depression risk in this population.

Objective: To evaluate the global literature output on the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cognitive function in alcohol dependence syndrome using bibliometric methods and explore the status and trends in this field. Method: The literature on the application of BDNF in cognitive impairment caused by alcohol dependence syndrome published from 1995 to 2023 were retrieved from Web of Science, and the relevant information (publication characteristics, country and institution, author, number of publications, citation, journal and research field, corresponding author, key words, etc.) was recorded. The bibliometrix R package was used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of publication output and author contributions. Result: A total of 99 articles were included. The overall number of publications in this field has increased over time. The countries and institutions that contributed the most to the field were the United States and the Academy of Medical Sciences of Iranian universities, respectively. Most of the authors were from the United States, followed by Spain, China, and Iran. Ceccanti M, Fiore M were the most productive authors. Publications with Ceccanti M had the highest h-index. The most cited reference author is Haenninen H (227 citations), and the number one published journal is Alcohol. Most articles were published in 2020 (n = 12) and 2022 (n = 11), followed by 2019 and 2021 (n = 10). The corresponding author has the largest number of publications from the United States, and more publications from a single country tend to have more cooperation from other countries. BDNF and alcohol appeared more frequently in various keyword clouds. However, significant differences remained in the author keyword cloud, keyword plus word cloud, and paper topic word cloud. Conclusion: BDNF has great potential in the application of cognitive dysfunction caused by alcohol dependence syndrome. Bibliometric methods and data visualization techniques can help understand the current state of research progress and enable relevant scholars and practitioners to predict the development trends in this field.

Objective: To explore the predictive value of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) imaging load score regarding the early prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) after intravenous thrombolysis. Methods: A total of 379 inpatients (diagnosed with AIS at the Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital and treated with intravenous thrombolysis from January 2022 to December 2023) were retrospectively analyzed. Relevant data were collected, and the CSVD imaging load score was evaluated. The patients were classified into the good prognosis group (≥18%) and the poor prognosis group (< 18%) based on the early neurological improvement rate 14 d after thrombolysis. An investigation into the independent risk factors influencing the early prognostic outcomes in patients suffering from AIS was conducted utilizing binary Logistic regression analysis. The efficacy of early prognosis prediction in patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis was assessed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Systolic blood pressure, AIP ,TyG index , neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), cerebral microbleeds (CMB), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) and a CSVD imaging load score of 2 points or higher served as independentrisk factors influencing the early prognosis in AIS patients undergoing thrombolysis. The ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the CSVD imaging load score was 0.821, with a sensitivity of 80.4% and a specificity of 74%. The AUC of the AIP was 0.951, with a sensitivity of 89.2% and a specificity of 91.7%. The AUC of the TyG index was 0.918, with a sensitivity of 93.1% and a specificity of 82.7%. Conclusion: The AIP, TyG index, and CSVD imaging load score serve as efficacious indicators in assessing the premature prognostication of AIS patients who underwent subsequently to intravenous thrombolytic therapy.

Parkinsons disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Pain, a key component of PDs non-motor symptoms, was first documented by Charcot in 1872 as a potential correlate of the disease. While pharmacological and surgical interventions have gained traction in managing PD-related pain, the therapeutic framework remains inconsistent. Understanding the pathogenesis and contributing factors of PD pain is crucial for developing novel therapies and refining disease identification and treatment protocols. This review examines the potential mechanisms and influencing factors of PD-associated pain, with the aim of identifying new therapeutic targets for PD pain.

Objective: Clinical studies suggest a strong link between extensive perivascular space (EPVS) and ischemic stroke (IS), including its subtypes, and transient ischemic attack (TIA), but it’s uncertain if the relationship is genetically causal. Methods: We utilize summary data from large-scale Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) to investigate the association between EPVS in different locations and IS, its subtypes, and TIA through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Various MR methods are employed to assess the causal relationship between EPVS and IS, its subtypes, and TIA. We apply multivariable MR to mitigate potential confounding factors and conduct sensitivity analyses to enhance result robustness. Subsequently, meta-analysis is utilized to integrate causal relationships between EPVS in different locations and IS from various sources. Additionally, reverse MR is employed to observe the impact of various IS types on EPVS. Finally, linkage disequilibrium score regression is conducted to assess genetic correlations between exposures and outcomes.Results: EPVS burden in both the white matter (OR = 1.12; 95% CI:1.01-1.25; P = 0.04) and the basal ganglia (OR = 1.57; 95% CI:1.30-1.89; P < 0.01) are significant risk factors for IS. EPVS burden in the basal ganglia is also a risk for IS (small-vessel) (OR = 4.56; 95% CI:2.57-8.27; P = 5.95 × 10⁷). Additionally,there appears to be a potential increase in extensive basal ganglia perivascular space burden following IS and TIA. Conclusion: Extensive white matter perivascular space burden and extensive basal ganglia perivascular space burden may serve as important indicators for predicting IS.

Heroin dependence is a serious substance use disorder that not only causes great harm to physical health but also significantly affects mental health. Addicts often experience a variety of psychological problems, such as depression, anxiety, personality disorders, and cognitive impairment. In recent years the mechanisms and intervention methods related to mental health problems in heroin addicts have received widespread research attention. This article reviews the current research into mental health problems in heroin addicts in order to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing drug addiction intervention strategies.

Depression is a severe mood disorder characterized by complex suicide mechanisms that involve a multitude of psychosocial and biological factors. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the psychosocial factors influencing suicidal behavior in depression, including social support, life events, depressive symptoms, and personality traits, as well as biological factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), erotonin (5-TH) system dysfunction, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis abnormalities. Collectively, these factors significantly influence an individual’s risk of suicide, with biological factors serving as potential biomarkers for suicidal actions and psychosocial factors underscoring the impact of environmental and individual experiences. Understanding the interaction of these factors is crucial for comprehending and preventing suicidal behavior in depression. Despite considerable progress, current studies have limitations, particularly regarding the unclear interaction mechanisms between psychosocial and biological factors and a predominant focus on adult populations, with insufficient comprehensive studies on adolescents.

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) causes high mortality and disability. Intravenous thrombolysis is its first-line treatment, but post-thrombolysis early neurological deterioration (END) impairs prognosis. With the popularization of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, blood pressure variability (BPV) has become a key focus in AIS prognosis. This review summarizes the correlation, mechanisms between BPV and post-thrombolysis END, and related blood pressure management strategies, aiming to provide clinical references for personalized management and reducing END incidence.

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a unique plasma lipoprotein particle with a distinct structure that has garnered significant research attention due to its strong association with various cerebrovascular diseases. Recent studies underscore elevated Lp(a) levels as a critical risk factor, with multiple Lp(a)-targeted therapies advancing through clinical trials. This review explores the structural, functional, and genetic features of Lp(a), its connection to cerebrovascular diseases, and the latest therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing its impact. By consolidating these advancements, we aim to provide new insights for Lp(a)-centered research and propose innovative approaches for cerebrovascular disease prevention and management.