Social network analysis and network connectedness analysis for industrial symbiotic systems: model development and case study

doi:10.1007/s11707-012-0349-4

Front Earth Sci

0, Vol.

Issue () : 169-181 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-012-0349-4

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Social network analysis and network connectedness analysis for industrial symbiotic systems: model development and case study

Yan ZHANG(

), Hongmei ZHENG, Bin CHEN(

), Naijin YANG

State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

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Abstract

An important and practical pattern of industrial symbiosis is rapidly developing: eco-industrial parks. In this study, we used social network analysis to study the network connectedness (i.e., the proportion of the theoretical number of connections that had been achieved) and related attributes of these hybrid ecological and industrial symbiotic systems. This approach provided insights into details of the network’s interior and analyzed the overall degree of connectedness and the relationships among the nodes within the network. We then characterized the structural attributes of the network and sub-network nodes at two levels (core and periphery), thereby providing insights into the operational problems within each eco-industrial park. We chose ten typical eco-industrial parks in China and around the world and compared the degree of network connectedness of these systems that resulted from exchanges of products, by-products, and wastes. By analyzing the density and nodal degree, we determined the relative power and status of the nodes in these networks, as well as other structural attributes such as the core-periphery structure and the degree of sub-network connectedness. The results reveal the operational problems created by the structure of the industrial networks and provide a basis for improving the degree of completeness, thereby increasing their potential for sustainable development and enriching the methods available for the study of industrial symbiosis.

Keywords industrial ecology industrial symbiosis system social network analysis degree of connectedness industrial ecology parks China

Corresponding Author(s): ZHANG Yan,Email:zhangyanyxy@126.com (Y. Zhang); CHEN Bin,Email:chenb@bnu.edu.cn (B. Chen)

Issue Date: 05 June 2013

Cite this article:

Yan ZHANG,Hongmei ZHENG,Bin CHEN, et al. Social network analysis and network connectedness analysis for industrial symbiotic systems: model development and case study[J]. Front Earth Sci, 0, (): 169-181.

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https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-012-0349-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y0/V/I/169

Name of park	Members
Kalundborg	1, Liquid fertilizer; 2, Statoil refinery; 3, Asnaes fish farm; 4, Asnaes power plant; 5, Gyproc gypsum board plant; 6, Alborg cement plant; 7, Novo Nordisk biopharmaceutical plant; 8, Kalundborg City; 9, Recovered nickel and vanadium; 10, Farm; 11, A-S BiotekniskJordens.
Choctaw	1, tire crushing plant; 2, tire pyrolysis plant; 3, hard rubber tire manufacturers; 4, carbon black processing plant; 5, ink cartridge production and recovery plant; 6, plastics plant; 7, plastic products plant; 8, wastewater treatment plant; 9, greenhouse; 10, crushed steel recovery plant.
Kitakyushu	1, plastic bottle recycling plant; 2, car disassembly factory; 3, waste office equipment plant; 4, home appliance recycling factory; 5, PCB treatment facilities; 6, composite core facility; 7, construction waste treatment plant; 8, medical equipment plant; 9, fluorescent lamps plant; 10, empty cans plant; 11, reused computer plant; 12, recreational machine plant; 13, waste wood and plastics plant; 14, cooking oil plant; 15, styrofoam plant; 16, ink cartridges plant; 17, scrap car plant; 18, organic solvent and waste plastics plant; 19, wastepaper plant; 20, kitchen waste; 21, tofu refuse and food refuse.
Styria	1, paper producing industry 3; 2, pressboard plant; 3, paper producing industry 4; 4, scrap material dealer; 5, wastewater treatment plant; 6, mining company; 7, paper producing industry 1; 8, wastepaper dealer; 9, textile plant 1; 10, textile plant 2; 11, chemical plant; 12, saw mill; 13, paper producing industry 6; 14, iron scrap dealer; 15, construction materials plant 1; 16, power plant 1; 17, region of Voitsberg; 18, stone and ceramic industry 2; 19, cement plant 6; 20, construction materials plant 2; 21, cement plant 3; 22, region of Graz; 23, power plant 2; 24, cement plant 4; 25, iron manufacturing industry; 26, used tire dealers; 27, paper producing industry 5; 28, plastics plant; 29, color industry; 30, paper producing industry 2; 31, stone and ceramic plant 1; 32, used oil dealer 3; 33, used oil dealer 2; 34, used oil dealer 1; 35, fuel producer; 36, cement plant 2; 37, cement plant 1; 38, cement plant 5.
Guangxi Guigang	1, sugar refinery; 2, alcohol plant; 3, pulp and paper plant; 4, compound fertilizer plant; 5, power plant; 6, wastewater treatment plant; 7, alkali recovery plant; 8, cement plant; 9, light calcium plant; 10, sugarcane planting system.
ShandongLubei	1, ammonium phosphate plant; 2, sulfuric acid plant; 3, cement plant; 4, thermal power plant; 5, chlorine plant; 6, aquaculture plant; 7, bromine plant; 8, salty gypsum production plant; 9, raw salt production; 10, chlor-alkali plant; 11, potassium magnesium salt production; 12, living area.
ChangshaHuangxing	1, food plant; 2, cellulose enzyme plant; 3, tea-leaf plant; 4, aloe deep-processing plant; 5, cosmetics plant; 6, camellia oil refinery; 7, camellia oil plant; 8, citrus plant; 9, beverage plant; 10, beer plant; 11, nucleic acid extraction; 12, antiviral medicine plant; 13, tea cake processing plant (processes the residues after extraction of oil); 14, orange peel deep-processing plant; 15, medicine plant; 16, daily-use chemical plant; 17, fertilizer plant; 18, food additives plant; 19, IC design; 20, IC manufacturing; 21, motor plant; 22, agricultural production plant; 23, IC packing plant; 24, liquid crystal display (LCD) plant; 25, purifying agent plant; 26, plastics manufacturing plant; 27, household appliances plant; 28, Yuanda air conditioner plant; 29, metal recovery plant; 30, wastewater treatment plant; 31, rice husk plant; 32, optical fiber plant; 33, Ni-MH battery plant; 34, environmental protection equipment plant; 35, green paint plant; 36, green building materials plant; 37, intelligent metals plant; 38, Liyuan new materials plant; 39, green adhesives plant; 40, plastics plant; 41, antimicrobial products plant; 42, ceramics plant; 43, fire retardant plant; 44, building bricks plant; 45, equipment parts plant; 46, fiber plant; 47, food packaging plant; 48, building materials plant.
Xinjiang Shihezi	1, achnatherum cultivation system; 2, paper-making system; 3, livestock breeding system; 4, wastewater treatment system; 5, animal-products processing system; 6, eco-tourism industry.
Shanghai Wujing	1, Shanghai coking plant; 2, Jinghua chemical plant; 3, titanium white plant; 4, Morgan carbon products plant; 5, Liancheng chemical plant; 6, hydrogen peroxide plant; 7, Wujing chemical plant; 8, Zhongxing chemical plant; 9, Linde CO₂ plant; 10, Chlor-alkali plant; 11, Card Brantec chemical plant.
TEDA	1, TEDA water treatment plant; 2, industrial, commercial and residential users; 3, TEDA wastewater treatment plant; 4, construction companies; 5, Guahua cogeneration plant; 6, Binhai energy cogeneration plant; 7, TEDA new water source co.; 8, TEDA eco-landscaping co.; 9, desalination plant; 10, FAW resource recovery co. 11, other Toyota-family firms; 12, Toyota FAW dies co.; 13, Tianjin Rainbow Hills cast iron co. 14, other auto die makers; 15, Tianjin AW automatic transmission co. 16, Tianjin Toyotsu aluminum smelting; 17, Tianjin FAW Toyota motor co.; 18, Tianjin Toyota resource management co. 19, Takaoka Lioho industries; 20, Tianjin pipe corporation; 21, Tianjin FAW Toyota engine co. 22, Toyota-family auto part makers; 23, CMW industrial co. 24, steel scrap contractors, 25, refineries; 26, Cabot chemical co. 27, TEDA chemical park corporation; 28, Tianjin Tong Tee industrial co.; 29, Tianjin Tobo lead recycling co.; 30, Tianjin cement mill; 31, Kumho tire co. 32, Tianjin Aoxing rubber co.; 33, Tianjin Motorola China; 34, Tianjin Yuasa batteries Co.; 35, various lead acid battery users.

Tab.1 The names and the members of the ten eco-industrial parks

Fig.1 Industrial symbiosis network model of the ten eco-industrial parks

Tab.2 The network density () values and number of paths of the ten eco-industrial parks

Tab.3 The number of relationships between core (C) and periphery (P) nodes and their proportions. Matrix columns represent the senders in a relationship and matrix rows represent the recipients.

Tab.4 Types of sub-network relationships for the ten symbiotic networks.

Tab.5 The degree of connectedness of the sub-networks of the ten symbiotic networks. Matrix columns represent the senders in a relationship and matrix rows represent the recipients

Tab.6 The dominant sub-networks within the overall network

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