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Front. Earth Sci.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (4) : 737-753    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-021-0893-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Paleoenvironment controls on organic matter accumulation in transitional shales from the eastern Ordos Basin, China
Jianwei LV1,2, Songhang ZHANG1(), Ning YANG3(), Chunbo FU4, Xinlu YAN1, Yang LI1
1. School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. Chinese Academy of Natural Resources Economics, Beijing 101149, China
3. Huadian Coal Industry Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100035, China
4. Second Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Qingyang 745100, China
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Abstract

To investigate the paleoenvironmental controls on organic matter accumulation of Upper Paleozoic shales in the eastern Ordos Basin, China, 26 shale samples were collected from two wells drilled into the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formations. The total organic carbon (TOC) content, mineral compositions and elemental geochemistry of the samples were analyzed. Quartz (35.42%) and clay minerals (48.34%) are the dominant minerals and trace elements (Li, Cs, Cu, V, Co, and Cr) are commonly enriched in the shale samples compared to the Upper Continental Crust. C-values (ranging from 0.2 to 4.5), chemical indices of weathering (CIW) values (48.82 to 99.11), and Sr/Cu ratios (1.00 to 11.05) suggest that the paleoclimate was humid in the study area during the Late Paleozoic. Elemental redox indices (e.g., Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3), V/Cr, Ni/Co, V/(V+Ni) and U/Th) indicate a dysoxic to oxic paleoenvironment characterized by transitional sedimentary deposits in a continental margin setting. In addition, chemical index of alteration (CIA, ranging from 77.92% to 98.36%) and CIW (89.19% to 99.11%) values suggest that there was intense chemical weathering in the study area, while the Al2O3-CaO*+Na2O-K2O (A-CN-K) ternary diagram demonstrates that the shales were not subjected to potassium metasomatism during diagenesis. Al2O3/TiO2 and TiO2/Zr ratios, as well as REE characteristics suggest a felsic source rocks and discount seawater as an REE source. Ce anomalies indicate an oxic environment with terrigenous input during black shale deposition, and LREE enrichment with negative Eu anomalies suggests that both shale formations were affected by detrital input rather than hydrothermal fluids. The correlation of TOC (ranging from 1.10% to 6.39%, with an average of 2.77%) with trace elemental redox indices (Sr/Cu, Sr/Ba, V/Cr, and U/Th) indicates that a warm-humid, dysoxic to oxic environment preserved much of the organic matter.
Keywords Late Paleozoic      shale      geochemistry      paleoenvironment      eastern Ordos Basin     
Corresponding Author(s): Songhang ZHANG,Ning YANG   
Online First Date: 13 July 2021    Issue Date: 20 January 2022
 Cite this article:   
Jianwei LV,Songhang ZHANG,Ning YANG, et al. Paleoenvironment controls on organic matter accumulation in transitional shales from the eastern Ordos Basin, China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2021, 15(4): 737-753.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-021-0893-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2021/V15/I4/737
Fig.1  Simplified geological map of the Ordos Basin. Wells XY1 and LY4 in the study area are shown.
Fig.2  Stratigraphic columns for wells XY1 and Well LY4.
Fig.3  SEM photomicrographs showing mineral characteristics of the shales (a): clay minerals; (b): illite; (c) and (d): pyrite).
Fig.4  Mineral characteristics of samples from Shanxi and Taiyuan Formations.
Samples Depth/m TOC LOI SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Na2O K2O CaO MgO P2O5
LY401 1377.5 1.10 8.78 60.31 0.85 23.98 2.94 0.50 3.02 0.16 0.67 0.04
LY402 1384 1.63 14.09 58.23 0.33 17.39 7.63 0.45 2.28 1.66 1.39 0.06
LY403 1387 1.86 9.75 63.80 0.71 19.41 3.42 0.40 3.01 0.15 0.72 0.05
LY404 1389 6.39 9.07 60.27 0.97 20.55 8.98 0.30 2.41 0.24 1.15 0.13
LY405 1391.5 4.18 11.49 62.19 0.96 20.90 2.71 0.21 1.73 0.11 0.31 0.04
LY406 1430 1.72 20.25 52.10 0.89 22.36 2.97 0.20 1.59 0.15 0.53 0.06
LY407 1433.3 1.99 22.42 50.93 0.84 21.14 3.04 0.18 1.59 0.13 0.49 0.07
LY408 1456 1.27 14.92 51.58 0.84 27.12 4.70 0.18 1.09 0.11 0.28 0.06
LY409 1459 3.34 16.35 46.48 0.80 26.74 10.38 0.20 1.23 0.30 0.59 0.07
LY410 1461.8 3.82 16.33 48.43 0.99 28.81 6.57 0.19 1.16 0.11 0.29 0.06
LY411 1463 1.86 22.34 47.69 1.29 25.04 2.47 0.19 1.08 0.14 0.30 0.04
LY412 1465 1.10 25.46 51.01 1.36 19.04 1.90 0.16 1.53 0.08 0.27 0.03
XY101 1453 3.32 9.15 58.45 0.83 21.72 8.56 0.72 2.96 0.25 1.07 0.11
XY102 1455 2.89 12.88 53.47 0.68 21.62 10.53 0.65 3.39 0.23 0.92 0.11
XY103 1458 1.51 10.01 58.30 0.85 22.31 7.10 0.62 2.47 0.21 1.16 0.08
XY104 1461 1.99 13.61 52.99 0.75 19.43 14.82 0.54 1.90 0.54 1.56 0.10
XY105 1472 2.15 11.79 55.69 0.81 23.24 5.89 0.52 2.69 0.14 0.98 0.07
XY106 1477 4.65 9.22 62.65 1.11 21.62 2.98 0.31 2.25 0.27 0.60 0.05
XY107 1493 4.05 10.61 59.37 0.86 19.46 4.34 0.53 3.72 1.26 0.93 0.12
XY108 1498 4.15 20.19 42.21 0.56 15.50 3.17 0.33 1.97 15.92 1.00 0.06
XY109 1523 2.25 11.54 60.23 0.80 16.75 7.57 0.41 2.06 0.56 0.72 0.19
XY110 1529 3.10 17.70 50.69 1.21 24.90 3.75 0.20 1.78 0.10 0.58 0.05
XY111 1534 2.45 14.75 45.07 1.48 36.67 1.72 0.18 0.28 0.15 0.34 0.07
XY112 1538 2.37 9.61 60.13 1.49 25.19 1.89 0.20 1.64 0.17 0.47 0.04
XY113 1540 2.93 11.88 55.80 0.84 19.52 12.40 0.19 2.60 0.55 1.37 0.15
XY114 1543 4.01 13.90 52.62 0.80 19.36 15.07 0.21 2.28 0.77 1.47 0.16
Tab.1  TOC and major elements concentrations for the late Paleozoic shale (in wt.%)
Fig.5  Major elements plotted against Al2O3 for shale samples from the Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations.
Samples Li Be Sc V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Rb Sr Zr Nb Cs Ba Hf Ta Tl Pb Bi Th U
LY401 50.0 3.30 13.7 73.0 53.3 3.53 11.6 22.8 71.5 34.1 150.0 166.0 310 29.7 17.4 687 9.21 2.03 0.97 19.8 0.49 18.4 3.77
LY402 31.8 2.12 8.8 49.4 23.7 6.58 15.5 79.3 83.5 22.0 84.6 226.0 184 16.0 5.85 573 5.96 1.21 0.61 33.0 0.44 13.2 3.08
LY403 36.1 2.84 17.0 109.0 61.9 14.0 18.5 35.0 98.0 28.4 147.0 174.0 283 23.0 12.5 704 7.96 1.51 0.92 28.8 0.43 18.7 4.64
LY404 43.0 1.46 17.8 94.5 89.2 14.8 28.1 40.8 158.0 33.6 125.0 189.0 361 32.7 8.19 573 11.0 2.18 0.83 35.2 0.48 24.2 5.71
LY405 59.5 2.39 15.9 84.5 64.9 5.14 10.9 24.7 115.0 26.7 80.8 82.2 274 28.0 6.22 354 8.52 1.74 0.55 33.9 0.31 20.2 4.35
LY406 89.2 2.05 16.4 85.1 54.9 9.78 24.2 31.3 76.0 26.7 69.4 102.0 186 20.5 6.77 255 5.54 1.36 0.65 23.9 0.34 17.1 4.04
LY407 81.1 2.45 17.1 111.0 56.9 12.3 23.7 32.6 111.0 27.2 69.9 125.0 209 20.3 6.30 263 6.53 1.38 0.72 26.5 0.39 18.0 4.58
LY408 111.0 1.77 19.2 106.0 59.2 17.7 21.9 24.3 59.4 31.3 42.2 99.6 259 20.8 2.94 132 8.89 1.34 0.60 43.8 0.44 20.1 6.54
LY409 100.0 2.33 20.5 128.0 60.6 16.5 20.0 16.8 25.0 30.9 45.7 144.0 229 18.9 3.07 149 7.89 1.21 0.39 18.1 0.44 19.6 5.96
LY410 112.0 2.90 19.9 95.9 61.6 20.5 31.3 75.3 48.0 33.3 44.1 128.0 270 20.9 4.51 181 9.10 1.61 0.61 30.1 0.45 21.1 3.98
LY411 184.0 3.39 17.0 69.3 54.3 3.91 12.9 70.0 46.5 39.7 37.7 70.5 322 31.9 4.16 152 8.94 2.09 0.30 26.7 0.68 23.5 4.57
LY412 83.6 3.85 12.2 68.2 57.1 9.22 15.5 63.2 49.2 32.6 54.4 63.5 226 31.6 6.68 188 6.73 1.98 0.28 20.6 0.19 18.9 -
XY101 43.3 3.75 17.2 103.0 56.4 10.5 22.5 33.7 128.0 33.0 132.0 181.0 283 28.0 7.47 643 8.02 1.73 0.64 33.4 0.47 21.6 4.79
XY102 38.0 3.89 17.4 141.0 54.7 37.0 54.8 44.3 169.0 30.3 156.0 190.0 320 22.4 12.1 748 7.84 1.40 1.29 43.7 0.66 21.4 5.48
XY103 59.0 3.86 17.4 116.0 64.9 18.5 33.6 35.0 143.0 29.5 118.0 189.0 325 25.7 8.52 639 8.61 1.55 0.70 34.1 0.46 19.7 5.46
XY104 54.2 3.86 18.9 173.0 87.0 9.88 45.0 27.4 168.0 24.9 98.9 243.0 285 20.4 8.97 664 7.75 1.19 0.77 21.8 0.58 18.6 10.9
XY105 67.9 3.70 19.0 151.0 73.2 15.1 40.9 28.6 180.0 31.6 117.0 193.0 311 25.5 6.70 469 9.19 1.52 0.74 24.4 0.68 21.0 6.09
XY106 69.9 3.02 16.2 101.0 70.2 5.62 14.1 16.1 52.6 29.1 90.9 111.0 216 25.3 5.78 380 6.43 1.54 0.51 27.0 0.20 16.6 4.91
XY107 36.8 2.54 15.0 91.6 59.8 18.4 26.3 22.9 90.5 26.8 120.0 253.0 156 18.0 4.57 391 4.67 1.20 0.67 31.4 0.28 15.6 3.55
XY108 39.5 1.69 10.0 69.6 43.5 9.60 31.0 15.1 89.9 16.1 60.9 113.0 133 15.2 3.42 252 3.93 0.91 0.26 25.1 0.19 12.3 3.98
XY109 43.8 2.33 12.2 100.0 59.0 8.11 14.2 24.0 104.0 23.8 79.0 132.0 175 15.5 4.68 217 4.19 0.92 0.87 23.7 0.29 11.1 2.67
XY110 145.0 3.14 22.6 190.0 144.0 16.3 41.2 35.2 119.0 27.6 77.8 85.6 162 20.0 10.6 328 4.68 0.15 0.46 28.5 0.55 17.5 4.82
XY111 514.0 1.98 19.1 147.0 168.0 14.2 63.7 47.4 67.1 47.0 12.9 86.5 288 42.5 1.83 108 8.29 2.80 0.10 19.5 0.99 28.1 7.03
XY112 92.5 2.76 20.9 174.0 112.0 2.25 11.7 12.9 37.5 34.1 75.3 85.0 249 26.1 8.25 225 7.59 1.57 0.42 10.6 0.34 17.9 5.11
XY113 77.4 3.80 18.7 132.0 80.2 11.9 25.1 38.5 128.0 27.9 122.0 125.0 179 17.5 9.53 292 4.88 1.19 0.55 19.2 0.52 15.6 3.61
XY114 94.7 3.31 17.7 124.0 80.0 27.2 38.8 31.5 173.0 26.3 110.0 120.0 177 17.1 9.48 276 4.98 1.16 0.46 23.3 0.53 15.0 3.86
Tab.2  Trace elements concentrations (×10−6) for shale from the eastern Ordos Basin, China
Fig.6  Concentration coefficients of trace elements relative to Upper Continental Crust (from McLennan (2001)) for Taiyuan and Shanxi Formation shales from wells LY4 and XY1, eastern Ordos Basin, China.
Well Samples La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Y LREE HREE REE LREE/HREE
LY4 LY401 59.1 111 13.5 51.0 8.65 1.21 6.49 1.13 6.01 1.22 3.53 0.61 4.25 0.551 33.3 244.5 23.8 268.3 10.3
LY402 51.5 99 11.5 41.4 7.53 0.99 6.24 1.14 5.86 1.23 3.39 0.65 4.10 0.607 32.9 211.5 23.2 234.7 9.1
LY403 75.5 136 15.0 50.1 7.39 1.00 6.07 1.11 6.22 1.29 3.66 0.74 4.66 0.676 33.4 285.0 24.4 309.4 11.7
LY404 96.3 177 20.8 78.0 14.4 2.50 11.3 1.94 9.96 1.99 5.11 0.98 6.29 0.792 51.9 389.0 38.4 427.4 10.1
LY405 54.0 101 11.9 44.1 8.16 1.26 6.35 1.13 6.13 1.15 2.95 0.50 3.49 0.412 29.8 220.4 22.1 242.5 10.0
LY406 69.3 132 14.4 51.7 8.28 1.52 6.47 1.06 5.71 1.23 3.15 0.55 3.92 0.540 30.9 277.2 22.6 299.8 12.3
LY407 78.1 153 16.8 61.8 10.1 1.95 7.67 1.29 6.87 1.29 3.89 0.67 4.71 0.615 36.6 321.8 27.0 348.8 11.9
LY408 90.5 162 17.8 60.4 7.94 1.23 6.97 1.29 7.88 1.70 4.74 0.89 5.85 0.818 42.4 339.9 30.1 370.0 11.3
LY409 88.8 165 19.6 75.4 13.8 3.74 11.5 1.79 9.38 1.83 5.20 0.83 6.72 0.991 52.7 366.3 38.2 404.6 9.6
LY410 83.4 154 17.5 62.1 8.83 1.15 6.29 1.21 7.07 1.51 4.16 0.74 5.46 0.687 39.1 327.0 27.1 354.1 12.1
LY411 60.4 101 10.5 32.0 4.90 0.69 4.62 1.11 6.48 1.27 3.39 0.71 4.97 0.704 34.7 209.5 23.3 232.7 9.0
LY412 65.0 109 11.8 39.0 6.02 0.76 4.73 0.89 4.52 0.89 2.56 0.45 3.19 0.478 22.7 231.6 17.7 249.3 13.1
XY1 XY101 83.4 155 17.4 62.9 10.5 1.60 8.92 1.52 8.19 1.61 4.69 0.84 5.34 0.711 47.1 330.8 31.8 362.6 10.4
XY102 85.3 154 16.5 56.9 9.01 1.26 8.15 1.40 7.92 1.63 4.72 0.86 5.35 0.721 44.6 322.9 30.8 353.7 10.5
XY103 84.6 167 19.4 76.7 14.7 2.28 11.30 1.92 9.64 1.82 5.19 0.90 5.49 0.73 52.9 364.7 37.0 401.7 9.9
XY104 92.4 181 20.8 80.7 15.0 3.02 12.40 2.15 10.8 2.03 5.74 0.99 6.21 0.829 63.7 392.9 41.2 434.1 9.6
XY105 87.1 164 18.4 68.8 12.0 1.99 10.10 1.78 9.40 1.78 5.05 0.86 5.17 0.679 49.8 352.3 34.8 387.1 10.1
XY106 53.9 101 10.8 38.6 6.22 1.06 5.55 0.92 4.82 0.96 2.72 0.46 2.78 0.394 25.2 211.6 18.6 230.2 11.4
XY107 63.7 118 13.0 47.5 7.77 1.38 6.18 0.95 4.86 0.97 3.03 0.50 3.05 0.409 26.5 251.4 20.0 271.3 12.6
XY108 40.3 68 7.8 27.8 4.39 0.68 3.79 0.63 3.48 0.71 2.14 0.38 2.32 0.314 21.8 148.7 13.8 162.5 10.8
XY109 47.6 92 10.0 37.2 6.34 1.21 5.48 0.89 4.74 0.92 2.82 0.50 3.11 0.437 27.3 194.1 18.9 213.0 10.3
XY110 50.5 107 11.6 45.0 8.57 1.62 6.47 1.05 5.31 1.01 2.96 0.53 3.34 0.458 27.3 224.3 21.1 245.4 10.6
XY111 32.0 59 6.9 26.1 5.35 1.14 4.50 0.86 5.20 1.05 3.08 0.59 3.74 0.510 30.7 130.8 19.5 150.3 6.7
XY112 33.4 60 7.1 26.5 5.06 1.07 4.51 0.87 4.78 0.90 2.56 0.44 2.81 0.378 25.3 133.4 17.3 150.7 7.7
XY113 55.1 108 12 45.6 8.12 1.49 7.21 1.22 6.43 1.26 3.69 0.647 3.99 0.533 35.9 230.3 25.0 255.3 9.2
XY114 48.9 98.7 10.7 40.9 7.63 1.57 6.98 1.16 6.08 1.19 3.45 0.599 3.62 0.482 34.6 208.4 23.6 232.0 8.9
Tab.3  Rare earth elements concentrations (×10−6) and relative ratios for shale from the eastern Ordos Basin, China
Fig.7  PAAS-normalized REE patterns of shale samples from the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formations from wells LY4 and XY1, eastern Ordos Basin, China.
Fig.8  Plot of Al2O3 vs. TiO2 for Late Paleozoic shales from the eastern Ordos Basin.
Fig.9  Plot of TiO2 vs. Zr for Late Paleozoic shales from the eastern Ordos Basin.
Fig.10  A-CN-K ternary diagram for shale samples from the eastern Ordos Basin. Mineral compositions: Pl, plagioclase; Ksp, K-feldspar; UCC, Upper Continental Crust; A, Al2O3; CN, CaO*+Na2O; K, K2O.
Fig.11  CIW– C-value diagram for Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations shale samples. CIW, chemical indices of weathering; C-value, (Fe+Mn+ Cr+Ni+ V+ Co)/(Ca+Mg+ K+ Na+ Sr+ Ba), ×10−6.
Fig.12  Stratigraphic profiles of geochemical indicators from well LY4.
Fig.13  Stratigraphic profiles of geochemical indicators from well XY1.
Samples CIA* CIW* C-value Sr/Ba Sr/Cu Al2O3/TiO2 V/Cr Ni/Co V/(V+Ni) U/Th Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu* LaN/YbN
LY401 84.84 97.32 0.67 0.24 7.28 28.28 1.37 3.29 0.86 0.20 0.95 0.75 1.02
LY402 74.08 89.19 1.31 0.39 2.85 52.07 2.08 2.36 0.76 0.23 0.92 0.67 0.93
LY403 82.64 97.24 0.79 0.25 4.97 27.38 1.76 1.32 0.85 0.25 1.30 0.70 1.19
LY404 86.45 97.44 2.17 0.33 4.63 21.25 1.06 1.90 0.77 0.24 0.89 0.91 1.13
LY405 89.98 98.51 1.14 0.23 3.33 21.84 1.30 2.12 0.89 0.22 0.90 0.82 1.14
LY406 91.05 98.42 1.20 0.40 3.26 25.21 1.55 2.47 0.78 0.24 1.16 0.97 1.30
LY407 91.03 98.54 1.27 0.48 3.83 25.32 1.95 1.93 0.82 0.25 1.11 1.03 1.22
LY408 94.62 98.95 2.81 0.75 4.10 32.13 1.79 1.24 0.83 0.33 1.40 0.77 1.14
LY409 92.88 98.14 4.50 0.97 8.57 33.55 2.11 1.21 0.86 0.30 0.84 1.38 0.97
LY410 94.65 98.97 3.72 0.71 1.70 29.19 1.56 1.53 0.75 0.19 1.32 0.72 1.13
LY411 93.91 98.72 1.44 0.46 1.01 19.41 1.28 3.30 0.84 0.19 1.36 0.67 0.90
LY412 90.55 98.76 0.93 0.34 1.00 14.00 1.19 1.68 0.81 - 1.31 0.67 1.50
XY101 82.65 95.76 0.79 0.28 5.37 26.17 1.83 2.14 0.82 0.22 1.03 0.77 1.15
XY102 81.54 96.10 0.90 0.25 4.29 31.75 2.58 1.48 0.72 0.26 1.15 0.69 1.17
XY103 84.93 96.26 0.72 0.30 5.40 26.31 1.79 1.82 0.78 0.28 0.83 0.82 1.14
XY104 84.06 94.77 1.40 0.37 8.87 25.98 1.99 4.55 0.79 0.58 0.85 1.03 1.10
XY105 85.79 97.26 0.43 0.41 6.75 28.62 2.06 2.71 0.79 0.29 0.96 0.84 1.24
XY106 86.72 97.39 0.40 0.29 6.89 19.48 1.44 2.51 0.88 0.30 1.10 0.84 1.43
XY107 73.78 91.56 0.20 0.65 11.05 22.68 1.53 1.43 0.78 0.23 1.09 0.93 1.54
XY108 83.00 48.82 0.06 0.44 7.48 27.53 1.60 3.23 0.69 0.32 1.07 0.78 1.28
XY109 82.89 94.57 0.23 0.61 5.50 20.99 1.69 1.75 0.88 0.24 1.00 0.96 1.13
XY110 91.50 98.82 0.44 0.26 2.43 20.58 1.32 2.53 0.82 0.28 0.92 1.01 1.11
XY111 98.14 99.11 0.86 0.80 1.82 24.78 0.88 4.49 0.70 0.25 0.78 1.08 0.63
XY112 91.55 98.54 0.37 0.38 6.59 16.91 1.55 5.20 0.94 0.29 0.81 1.04 0.88
XY113 83.82 96.38 1.21 0.43 3.25 23.13 1.65 2.11 0.84 0.23 0.90 0.91 1.02
XY114 83.55 95.22 1.52 0.43 3.81 24.08 1.55 1.43 0.76 0.26 0.87 1.00 1.00
Tab.4  Selected geochemical indicators for shale from the eastern Ordos Basin, China (%)
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