Endosulfan in the Chinese environment: monitoring and modeling

doi:10.1007/s11783-011-0375-6

Front Envir Sci Eng

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Issue () : 32-44 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0375-6

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Endosulfan in the Chinese environment: monitoring and modeling

Hongliang JIA¹, Liyan LIU², Yeqing SUN³, Daoji CAI⁴, Jianxin HU⁵, Nanqi REN², Yifan LI^1,2,6(

)

1. International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; 2. IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory for Urban Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; 3. Environmental System Biology Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; 4. Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210042, China; 5. College of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 6. IJRC-PTS, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada

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Abstract

This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environmental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 19000 pg·g^-1 dry weight (dw), with geometric mean of 120 pg·g^-1dw. The results indicated that endosulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by β- and α-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0–340 pg·m^-3for α-endosulfan and 0–121 pg·m^-3 for β-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model (SGPERM), an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.

Keywords endosulfan monitoring modeling inventories persistent organic pollutants persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

Corresponding Author(s): LI Yifan,Email:ijrc_pts_paper@yahoo.com

Issue Date: 01 February 2012

Cite this article:

Hongliang JIA,Liyan LIU,Yeqing SUN, et al. Endosulfan in the Chinese environment: monitoring and modeling[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 0, (): 32-44.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-011-0375-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/32

Fig.1 Annual endosulfan usage in China from 1994 to 2004 []

Fig.2 Distribution of -, -endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in Chinese surface soil from 141 sites, among which 6 are background sites (blue), 95 are rural sites (green) and 40 are urban sites (red)

Fig.3 Distribution of -endosulfan (red) and -endosulfan (green) in Chinese air from 37 urban sites

Tab.1 Key physical-chemical properties for for -, -endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate at 25°C.

Fig.4 Gridded usage inventories of (a) -endosulfan and (b) -endosulfan calculated by SGPERM in China from 1994 to 2004 with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution (unit: t/cell).

Fig.5 Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan (- + -endosulfan) in China for different crops with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution (unit: t/cell). (a) Usage on cotton from 1994 to 2004, and (b-e) usage on apple, tea, tobacco, and wheat from 1998 to 2004

Fig.6 Distribution of (a) the lowest and (b) the highest residues of endosulfan in Chinese agricultural soil in 2004 with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution. (unit: t/cell) []

Fig.7 Distribution of of (a) the lowest and (b) the highest concentration (ng/g dw) of -endosulfan in Chinese agricultural soil in 2004 with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution []

Fig.8 Distribution of of (a) the lowest and (b) the highest concentration (ng/g dw) of -endosulfan in Chinese agricultural soil in 2004 with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution []

Fig.9 Distribution of (a) -endosulfan and (b) -endosulfan emissions in China in 2004 with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution. (unit: t/cell) []

Fig.10 Distribution of annual mean concentration of (a) -endosulfan and (b) -endosulfan (pg/m) in Chinese air in 2004 with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution []

Fig.11 Distribution of annual mean concentration (ng/g dw) of endosulfan sulfate in Chinese agricultural soil in 2004 with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution []

Fig.12 Annual endosulfan emission and residue in China from 1994 to 2004 []

Fig.13 Comparison between monitoring soil concentrations in 2005 and modeling data in 2004 for (a) -endosulfan, (b) -endosulfan []

Fig.14 Comparison between monitoring air concentrations in 2005 [] and modeling data in 2004 for (a) -endosulfan, (b) -endosulfan.

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