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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    0, Vol. Issue () : 905-921    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0650-4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Characterization of phosphorus species and modeling for its organic forms in eutrophic shallow lake sediments, North China
Hongguang CHENG1,*(),Xiao PU2,Yiting CHEN1,Fanghua HAO1,Liming DONG1
1. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Abstract

Variations of phosphorus (P) and its species in surface sediment of Baiyangdian Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake located in North China, were investigated through combination of field survey and numerical calculation based on cluster analysis. P fractionation was performed by a sequential extraction scheme, categorized as loosely bound P (NH4Cl-P), reductant soluble P (BD-P), metallic oxide bound P (NaOH-P), calcium bound P (HCl-P) and organic P (Org-P). P concentrations exhibited regional similarities and a total of four sub-areas were identified in which the same rank was HCl-P>Org-P>BD-P ≈ NaOH-P>NH4Cl-P. NH4Cl-P, BD-P and Org-P were found to contribute to P enrichment in overlying water column. Specifically, labile Org-P acted as a potential pool with a greater contribution in aerobic layer compared to anaerobic layer. A hysteresis (lag= 4 months) existed when labile Org-P concentration was negatively correlated with aerobic layer thickness. In view of magnitude of identified P contributors in sub-areas, higher potential of P release was present in Fuhe River and Tang River estuary areas. On the basis of calibration and verification, the mathematical model with parameter settings applied in this study was improved to serve as a tool for limnology management and eutrophic control.
Keywords phosphorus fractionation      variation characteristics      modeling      sediment      Baiyangdian Lake     
Corresponding Author(s): Hongguang CHENG   
Online First Date: 18 March 2014    Issue Date: 17 November 2014
 Cite this article:   
Hongguang CHENG,Xiao PU,Yiting CHEN, et al. Characterization of phosphorus species and modeling for its organic forms in eutrophic shallow lake sediments, North China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 0, (): 905-921.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0650-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/905
Fig.1  Map of the study area with location of sampling sites and boundaries of subareas
Baiyangdian Lake Fuhe River Tang River Baigouyin River
physical description surface area/km2 a) 366 – – –
mean depth/ma) 6.84b) NCc) 7.81 21.29
annual average volume/(1010 m3)b) 1.32 NC NC NC
natural trophic statusa) Mesotrophic Mesotrophic Lower mesotrophic Lower mesotrophic
nutrient/trophic parametersa, d) water total phosphorus/(μg·L-1) 416 1612 (210)e) 67 85
soluble reactive phosphorus/(μg·L-1) 105 356 11 18
total nitrogen/(mg·L-1) 3.86 21.05 (25.9)e) 3.41 2.69
N O 3 - /(mg N·L-1) 0.89 NC 2.74 1.58
N O 2 - /(μg N·L-1) 43 108 22 35
N H 4 + /(mg N·L-1) 0.49 18.59 0.22 0.21
Chlorophyll-a/(mg·m-3) 20.35 NC NC NC
Secchi disc transparency/m 0.66 NC NC NC
Trophic classification Hypertrophic Hypertrophic Mesotrophic Mesotrophic
other water quality parametersa, d) mean (range) pH 8.16 (7.38–9.22) 7.65 (6.95–8.23) 8.32 (8.04–8.58) 8.46 (8.21–8.64)
conductivity /(μS·cm-1) 1081 (771–2160) 1526 (709–3520) 481 (380–556) 468 (339–584)
DO/mg·L-1) 8.32 (0.68–20.11) 0.95 (0.16–3.02) 9.56 (6.34–15.28) 10.65 (8.01–13.66)
BOD5 /(mg·L-1) 10.39 (2.85–73.66) 32.85 (5.13–64.72) 2.78 (2.02–4.65) 5.89 (2.33–8.57)
S O 4 2 - /(mg·L-1) 151.12 (64.45–332.94) NC 47.83 (25.87–66.42) 50.35 (36.46–83.31)
Fe/(μg·L-1) 143 (22–776) 141 (37–482) 147 (23–319) 148 (45–264)
As/(μg·L-1) 4.16 (0.64–40.13) 13.53 (4.35–66.08) 0.82 (0.55–1.16) 1.54 (0.51–3.37)
Tab.1  Main physical and chemical characteristics of the studied lake and upstream rivers
site season na) water propertiesb)
pH temperature/°C DO/(mg·L-1) conductivity/μS·cm-1 NH4+/(mg·L-1) Ntot/(mg·L-1) Ptot/(μg·L-1) sediment type
Baigouyin River estuary area
St01 spring 8 7.85 11.5 12.25 1096 0.54 1.45 142 sandy silt
summer 10 8.16 28.9 5.80 1006 0.71 1.78 265
St02 spring 10 8.25 12.1 13.97 1043 0.61 1.02 136 silty sand
St03 spring 10 8.27 11.2 13.39 1074 0.86 1.55 118 silty sand
summer 12 8.04 29.8 6.60 944 0.73 1.56 272
Fuhe River estuary area
St04 spring 10 8.32 12.6 11.54 1181 2.61 4.44 153 silty sand
St05 spring 10 8.25 14.2 13.71 1674 7.67 14.2 299 mud
Tang River estuary area
St06 spring 10 8.14 13.4 12.16 1164 2.79 3.27 195 silty sand
St07 spring 8 7.91 11.7 9.25 1036 1.65 1.14 168 sandy silt
summer 12 8.20 30.5 3.10 1013 0.93 1.35 287
St08 spring 8 8.24 10.9 13.78 1034 1.82 2.38 176 mud
Central lake area
St09 spring 8 8.38 13.5 13.92 1086 1.58 1.24 174 silty sand
summer 10 8.18 30.1 8.50 966 0.92 1.64 242
St10 spring 10 8.26 13.2 13.53 1039 1.12 2.58 148 sandy silt
St11 spring 8 7.95 13.3 9.96 1045 1.34 2.38 137 silty sand
St12 spring 8 8.40 13.2 13.47 1022 1.36 2.45 135 Sandy silt
summer 10 8.20 31.5 5.60 950 0.72 1.08 116
St13 spring 10 8.29 12.5 9.74 1053 1.96 3.56 161 Sandy silt
St14 spring 8 8.05 12.1 11.34 998 1.52 3.45 143 Sandy silt
summer 12 8.30 31.2 11.67 954 0.71 1.32 204
Tab.2  ?Information of sampling sites and characteristics of corresponding near-bottom water in Baiyangdian Lake
coefficient value unit description
kd, ae, la) 0.056 day-1 decomposition rate coefficient for labile fraction in aerobic layer
kd, ae, ra) 0.008 day-1 decomposition rate coefficient for refractory fraction in aerobic layer
kd, an, la) 0.028 day-1 decomposition rate coefficient for labile fraction in anaerobic layer
kd, an, ra) 0.005 day-1 decomposition rate coefficient for labile fraction in anaerobic layer
θd,lb) 1.15 dimensionless decomposition temperature coefficient for labile fraction
θd,rb) 1.10 dimensionless decomposition temperature coefficient for refractory fraction
Db(273)a) 8.5 × 10-5 m2·day-1 effective bioturbation rate coefficient at 20°C
θbb) 1.117 dimensionless arrhenius temperature coefficient for bioturbation
φP/Ca) 6.29 × 10-3 g P/g C phosphorus and carbon ratio of organic matters
σrefb) 50 g·m-3 reference concentration of organic carbon for labile fraction
?halfa) 8.0 g·m-3 half saturation constant of dissolved oxygen
Ds(273)a) 6 × 10-4 m2·day-1 effective diffusion rate coefficient at 20°C
ωsa) 2.35 × 10-5 m·day-1 burial rate coefficient
μ(273) 1.002 cP water viscosity at 20°C
flb) 0.65 dimensionless fractions of labile organic phosphorus deposition
frb) 0.20 dimensionless fractions of refractory organic phosphorus deposition
Tab.3  Variables and parameters for the organic phosphorus model in Baiyangdian Lake
variable unit value used in model reported range reference
decomposition rate coefficient for organic phosphorus fractions day-1 0.005-0.056 0.0012-0.071 [23]
effective bioturbation rate coefficient m2·day-1 8.5×10-5 8.2×10-8-1.2×10-4 [22]
effective diffusion rate coefficient m2·day-1 6×10-4 4.2× 10-5-1.0 × 10-3 [24]
burial rate coefficient m·day-1 2.35×10-5 5.5× 10-7-2.7 × 10-5 [22]
Tab.4  Ranges of typical environmental variables reported in literatures
Statistics silt/clay fractions/% sand fractions/% LOI/% dw Corg/mg·g-1 dw Corg︰Porg
Ave 63.60 36.40 8.84 21.04 159
Std 15.74 15.74 3.29 11.35 65
CV% 25 43 37 54 41
Max 87.42 57.14 16.47 50.90 328
Min 42.86 12.58 3.93 7.88 34
Md 69.64 30.36 8.65 18.73 158
n 192 192 192 192 192
mean of BRM(n = 50) 59.91 40.09 9.24 25.10 150
mean of FRM(n = 20) 63.67 36.33 7.83 16.06 100
mean of TRM(n = 38) 67.72 32.28 9.26 23.51 151
mean of CL(n = 84) 63.80 36.20 8.65 18.80 182
Tab.5  General characteristics and physiochemical features of sediment in Baiyangdian Lake
statistics Ptot NH4Cl-P BD-P NaOH-P HCl-P Org-P
total labile refractory
Ave 514.61 10.93 42.20 38.05 278.67 132.72 44.77 95.89
Std 91.70 5.85 29.66 28.35 49.80 58.82 14.76 48.04
CV% 18 54 70 75 18 44 33 50
Max 751.60 21.97 81.01 90.31 361.81 238.38 82.61 191.92
Min 406.35 2.23 5.16 14.27 180.79 108.80 19.51 25.83
Md 484.65 11.92 42.78 37.96 285.31 134.05 48.13 82.91
Prop – 2.13 8.21 7.39 54.15 25.79 8.70 18.63
Tab.6  Total phosphorus and phosphorus fractionation in sediment of Baiyangdian Lake (μg·g-1 dw)
Fig.2  (a) Total phosphorus concentrations (Ptot) of sediments in Baiyangdian Lake: contents in Baigouyin River estuary area (BRM), Fuhe River estuary area (FRM), Tang River estuary area (TRM) and the central lake area (CL). (b) Dendrogram of the cluster analysis on sampling sites
Fig.3  Phosphorus fractionation in sediments of Baiyangdian Lake: averages of phosphorus species contents in sediment (a); total phosphorus composition in sediments (b, BRM: Baigouyin River estuary area, FRM: Fuhe River estuary area, TRM: Tang River estuary area, CL: central lake area)
Fig.4  Modeled thickness of aerobic layer in sediments at six multi-year sampling sites of Baiyangdian Lake
Fig.5  Modeled and measured concentrations of Org-P fractions in aerobic layer (left) and anaerobic layer (right) of surficial sediment at six multi-year sampling sites in Baiyangdian Lake (—, simulated labile organic phosphorus; - - -, simulated refractory organic phosphorus; white dot, observation for labile organic phosphorus; black dot, observation for refractory organic phosphorus)
items Ptot NH4Cl-P BD-P NaOH-P HCl-P Org-P
fine fraction 0.425 0.137 0.117 0.203 0.128 0.336
LOI 0.178 -0.268 -0.226 0.216 -0.201 0.574**
pH -0.175 0.451* -0.484* -0.422 -0.336 -0.168
temperature -0.343 0.348 0.173 0.071 0.046 -0.580**
DO 0.287 0.284 0.536* 0.314 -0.429 0.481*
TOC 0.167 -0.267 0.014 0.165 -0.174 0.613**
Tab.7  Pearson correlation coefficients between phosphorus fractions and water/sediment properties (n = 192)
lake Trophic Ptot NH4Cl-P BD-P NaOH-P HCl-P Org-P reference
Volvi Lake, Greece Mesotrophic – 2.14 23.65 90.55 314.50 – [29]
Koronia Lake, Greece Hypertrophic – 1.78 13.10 99.10 185.01 – [29]
Erken Lake, Sweden Mesotrophic 1814 27 345 85 287 – [37]
Loch Leven, Scotland Mesotrophic – 0.21-2.83% 20.26-32.10% 15.93-25.03% 10.58-21.41% 20.68-27.05% [1]
Taihu Lake, China Hypertrophic 420-3408 – – 56-2476 155-392 52-403 [34]
Pandoh Lake, India Mesotrophic 50-98 3.70-11.06 14.52-47.34 16.89-32.01 6.75-17.00 3.67-14.89 [31]
Tab.8  Phosphorus fractionations of lake sediments reported in literatures (mean value or varying range, μg g-1 dw or %)
Fig.6  The corresponding relationships of total phosphorus in near-bottom water and total phosphorus in sediment or proportion of phosphorus fractions to total phosphorus in sediment (** represented the significance at P<0.01)
lake thickness/cm references
Arreskov Lake, Denmark 0.3-1.5 [27]
Kvind Lake, Denmark 0.5-1.2 [27]
S?byg?rd Lake, Denmark 0.6-1.4 [27]
V?ng Lake, Denmark 0.4-1.6 [27]
Stechlin Lake, Germany 0-2.0 [42]
Marken Lake, Netherlands 0-1.0 [41]
Veluwe Lake, Netherlands 0.5-2.5 [40]
Tab.9  Thickness of aerobic layer in lake sediment reported in literatures
Fig.7  The correlations of the calculated aerobic layer thickness and labile Org-P concentration in aerobic (a) and anaerobic (b) layers under different lag times (*** represented the significance at P<0.001)
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