The speciation, leachability and bioaccessibility of Cu and Zn in animal manure-derived biochar: effect of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature

doi:10.1007/s11783-017-0924-8

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (3) : 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0924-8

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The speciation, leachability and bioaccessibility of Cu and Zn in animal manure-derived biochar: effect of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature

Qi Lin^1,²(

), Xin Xu¹, Lihua, Wang¹, Qian Chen¹, Jing Fang¹, Xiaodong Shen³, Liping Lou^1,², Guangming Tian^1,²(

)

¹. Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
². Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
³. Institute of Hangzhou Environmental Science, Hangzhou 310014, China

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Abstract

Pyrolysis altered the speciation and lability of Cu/Zn in animal manure.

The predominant species of Cu in two kinds of biochars differed with temperatures.

Temperatures didn’t change the predominant species of Zn in manures and biochars .

The bioaccessibility of Cu/Zn in biochars decreased with pyrolysis temperatures.

The leaching of Cu/Zn with SPLP decreased with pyrolysis temperatures.

Biochars derived from animal manures may accumulate potentially toxic metals and cause a potential risk to ecosystem. The synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy, sequential fractionation schemes, bioaccessibility extraction and leaching procedure were performed on poultry and swine manure-derived biochars (denoted PB and SB, respectively) to evaluate the variance of speciation and activity of Cu and Zn as affected by the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. The results showed that Cu speciation was dependent on the feedstock with Cu-citrate-like in swine manure and species resembling Cu-glutathione and CuO in poultry manure. Pyrolyzed products, however, had similar Cu speciation mainly with species resembling Cu-citrate, CuO and CuS/Cu₂S. Organic bound Zn and Zn₃(PO₄)₂-like species were dominant in both feedstock and biochars. Both Cu and Zn leaching with synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) decreased greatly with the rise of pyrolysis temperature, which were consistent with the sequential extraction results that pyrolysis converted Cu and Zn into less labile phases such as organic/sulfide and residual fractions. The potential bioaccessibility of Zn decreased for both the PB and SB, closely depending on the content of non-residual Zn. The bioaccessibility of Cu, however, increased for the SB prepared at 300°C–700°C, probably due to the increased proportion of CuO. Concerning the results of sequential fractionation schemes, bioaccessibility extraction and leaching procedure, pyrolysis at 500°C was suggested as means of reducing Cu/Zn lability and poultry manure was more suitable for pyrolysis treatment.

Keywords Animal manure Biochar Metals Molecular species Pyrolysis

Corresponding Author(s): Qi Lin,Guangming Tian

Issue Date: 13 April 2017

Cite this article:

Qi Lin,Xin Xu,Lihua, Wang, et al. The speciation, leachability and bioaccessibility of Cu and Zn in animal manure-derived biochar: effect of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2017, 11(3): 5.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-017-0924-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2017/V11/I3/5

Fig.1 Elemental maps from XRF line by line scanning on particles from poultry manure (PM), poultry manure derived-biochar under pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C (PB500), swine manure (SM) and swine manure derived-biochar under pyrolysis temperature of 500°C (SB500). S: particle size less than 63 µm; M: particle size ranging from 63–800 µm; L: particle size over 800 µm

Fig.2 Cu K-edge XANES (A) and Zn K-edge XANES (B) for the reference compounds, poultry manure (PM), poultry manure derived-biochar under pyrolysis temperature of 500°C and 700 °C (PB500, PB700), swine manure (SM) and swine manure derived-biochar under pyrolysis temperature of 500°C and 700 °C (SB500, SB700). Solid lines represent experimental spectra, dots corresponding LCF spectra (Table 1 and Table 2)

Tab.1 Cu speciation in the manure and manure derived-biochars estimated by lest-squares fitting of XANES spectra^a

Tab.2 Zn speciation in the manure and manure derived-biochars estimated by lest-squares fitting of XANES spectra^a

Fig.3 Distribution of Cu and Zn in the five fractions of sequential extractions for manures and biochars prepared under different pyrolysis temperatures. poultry manure (PM), poultry manure derived-biochar under different pyrolysis temperature (PB200, 300, 400, 500, 700), swine manure (SM) and swine manure derived-biochar under different pyrolysis temperature (SB200, 300, 400, 500, 700)

Tab.3 Concentrations of Cu and Zn measured in TCLP^a and SPLP^b leachates

Fig.4 The correlation of SPLP and TCLP with solid-phase metal concentration solubilized in the exchangeable, carbonate and Fe/Mn oxides

Fig.5 The bioaccessibility of Cu and Zn in the manures and biochars prepared under different pyrolysis temperatures. Poultry manure (PM), poultry manure derived-biochar under different pyrolysis temperature (PB200, 300, 400, 500, 700), swine manure (SM) and swine manure derived-biochar under different pyrolysis temperature (SB200, 300, 400, 500, 700)

Fig.6 The correlation of Cu and Zn concentrations in the 0.4 mol·L^–1 glycine (pH 1.5) extracts with the non-residual (a, b) and reactive metal pools (c, d)

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