Migration and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bioretention systems with different media: experiments and simulations

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1802-9

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (4) : 42 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1802-9

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Migration and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bioretention systems with different media: experiments and simulations

Zhaoxin Zhang^1,², Jiake Li²(

), Zhe Liu¹, Yajiao Li³, Bei Zhang⁴, Chunbo Jiang²

¹. Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710075, China
². State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
³. School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
⁴. College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

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Abstract

● Bioretention systems showed > 92% load reduction rates of PAHs.

● PAHs were accumulated in the upper layer of media 10–40 cm.

● The fate of PAHs in bioretention systems by different design scenarios were revealed.

● NAP was degraded within 40 d while FLT and PYR were not completely degraded.

● PAHs didn’t show accumulation trends under continuous rainfall events.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present significant risks to human health owing to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic properties. The contamination of surface water with PAHs via runoff has become a prominent source of water pollution. While the capacity of bioretention systems to remove PAHs from runoff is recognized, the dynamics of PAH migration and degradation in these systems are not well-understood. This study aims to explain the migration and fate of PAHs in bioretention systems through a series of experiments and model simulations. This study constructed bioretention systems with three different media types and found that these systems achieved PAH load reductions exceeding 92%. Notably, naphthalene (NAP), fluoranthene (FLT), and pyrene (PYR) tended to accumulate in the media’s upper layer, at depths of 10 to 40 cm. To further analyze the migration and fate of PAHs during multi-site rainfall events and across prolonged operation, we applied the HYDRUS-1D model under three distinct scenarios. The findings of this study indicated that NAP degraded in 40 d, whereas FLT and PYR showed incomplete degradation after 120 d. During continuous rainfall events, there was no clear pattern of PAH accumulation; however, FLT and PYR persisted in the bioretention systems. The combination of experimental and simulation findings highlights the inevitable accumulation of PAHs during extended use of bioretention systems. This research provides a theoretical basis for improving operational efficiency, advancing PAH degradation in bioretention systems, and reducing their toxicity.

Keywords Bioretention Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons HYDRUS-1D Model simulation Migration

Corresponding Author(s): Jiake Li

Just Accepted Date: 16 November 2023 Issue Date: 18 December 2023

Cite this article:

Zhaoxin Zhang,Jiake Li,Zhe Liu, et al. Migration and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bioretention systems with different media: experiments and simulations[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(4): 42.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1802-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I4/42

Fig.1 Experimental setup of bioretention columns. (a) Facilities schematic; (b) structure profile of bioretention system.

Tab.1 Media properties and soil hydraulic parameters of bioretention columns

Tab.2 Characteristic parameters of bioretention system input in HYDRUS-1D

Fig.2 Calibration and validation results of three columns. (a) C1; (b) C2; (c) C3. Simu. up and Simu. low refers to the contents of PAHs in the upper and lower layers simulated by HYDRUS, while meas. up and meas. low refers to the contents of PAHs in the upper and lower layers measured after actual sampling.

Fig.3 PAHs removal effects and TOC contents of bioretention columns. (a) Concentration removal rates for PAHs; (b) load reduction rates for PAHs; (c) TOC contents before and after tests. * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01.

Fig.4 Distribution of PAHs contents in bioretention columns. (a) NAP; (b) FLT; (c) PYR.

Fig.5 The contents of PAHs in the bioretention columns with different scenarios via HYDRUS-1D. (a) Scenario-1; (b) Scenario-2; (c) Scenario-3.

Fig.6 Migration and fate of PAHs in bioretention systems.

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