A systematic review of the inequality of health burdens related to climate change

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1823-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (5) : 63 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1823-4

A systematic review of the inequality of health burdens related to climate change

Xinke Song¹, Shihui Zhang²(

), Hai Huang¹, Qun Ding², Fang Guo¹, Yaxin Zhang¹, Jin Li¹, Mingyu Li¹, Wenjia Cai², Can Wang¹

¹. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
². Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

● Varied factors lead to uneven climate health outcomes were revealed.

● Poor people, ethnic minorities, and females are most-studied vulnerable groups.

● Research gaps and methodological challenges were identified.

Climate change significantly impacts human health, exacerbating existing health inequalities and creating new ones. This study addresses the lack of systematic review in this area by analyzing 2440 publications, focusing on four key terms: health, disparities, environmental factors, and climate change. Strict inclusion criteria limited the selection to English-language, peer-reviewed articles related to climate health hazards, ensuring the relevance and rigor of the synthesized studies. This process synthesized 65 relevant studies. Our investigation revealed that recent research, predominantly from developed countries, has broadened its scope beyond temperature-related impacts to encompass diverse climate hazards, including droughts, extreme weather, floods, mental health issues, and the intersecting effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Research has highlighted exposure as the most studied element in the causal chain of climate change-related health inequalities, followed by adaptive capability and inherent sensitivity. The most significant vulnerabilities were observed among populations with low socioeconomic status, ethnic minorities, and women. The study further reveals research biases and methodological limitations, such as the paucity of attention to underdeveloped regions, a narrow focus on non-temperature-related hazards, challenges in attributing climate change effects, and a deficit of large-scale empirical studies. The findings call for more innovative research approaches and a holistic integration of physical, socio-political, and economic dimensions to enrich climate-health discourse and inform equitable policy-making.

Keywords Climate change Health impact Human well-being Inequality Vulnerability

Corresponding Author(s): Shihui Zhang

Issue Date: 14 March 2024

Cite this article:

Xinke Song,Shihui Zhang,Hai Huang, et al. A systematic review of the inequality of health burdens related to climate change[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(5): 63.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1823-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I5/63

Tab.1 Overview of the main climatic health hazards with a short description and related health impacts

Fig.1 The literature search and screening process.

Fig.2 Analytical framework of the review.

Fig.3 Global distribution of author affiliations and publication years in climate change and health inequality research (2003–2022). Notes: The initial screening process included all articles in the database that matched the search term up to 2022. After the final evaluation, the temporal distribution of articles ranged from 2003 to 2022. The figure accounts for multinational author collaborations by allocating a fractional count of 1/n to each country for articles with authors from “n” different countries.

Fig.4 Visualization of keywords in the selected publications. Notes: Each circle represents a keyword, with the circle’s size indicating the keyword’s frequency of occurrence across the compiled articles. The color of each circle denotes the average publication time of the articles where the keyword appears, illustrating temporal trends in research focus. Lines between circles represent co-occurrences of keywords within the same articles, indicating thematic connections and common research areas.

Fig.5 The distribution of research regions. Notes: “HT” stands for Heat, indicating extreme heat events or heatwaves; “CS” represents Cold Spell, referring to periods of unusually cold weather; “DR” denotes Droughts, which are prolonged periods of dry weather and water scarcity; “RSL&ER” encompasses Rising Sea Levels and Extreme Rainfalls, highlighting the combination of sea level rise and heavy rainfall events; “CY&ST” signifies Cyclones and Storms, characterized by intense weather systems with strong winds and rain; “WF” pertains to Wildfires, referring to uncontrolled fires in wildland areas; “FBD&MN” covers Food-borne Diseases and Malnutrition, including illnesses transmitted through food and nutritional deficiencies due to climate impacts; “CID” refers to Climate-infectious Diseases, which are illnesses influenced or spread by climatic factors; and “OTH” includes additional climate-related impacts not specifically categorized in the aforementioned terms.

Fig.6 Research methodologies, spatial and temporal scales of selected articles.

Fig.7 Number of articles including each causal factor.

Tab.2 Vulnerable populations and number of relative articles

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