An<i> in vitro</i> phytotoxicity assessment of UV-enhanced biodegradation of plastics for spinach cultivation

doi:10.1007/s11783-025-1937-3

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2025, Vol. 19

Issue (2) : 17 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-025-1937-3

An in vitro phytotoxicity assessment of UV-enhanced biodegradation of plastics for spinach cultivation

Nageen Bostan¹, Noshin Ilyas²(

), Maimona Saeed³, Muhammad Umer², Abhijit Debnath⁴, Nosheen Akhtar², Sadaf Tanveer², Nazish Akthar², Riyaz Sayyed⁵, Kahkashan Perveen⁶, Najat A. Bukhari⁶

¹. Department of Biology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
². Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
³. Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
⁴. Krishi Vigyan Kendra Dhalai, Tripura 799278, India
⁵. Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
⁶. Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia

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Abstract

Polyethylene-based plastic mulch films are widely utilized in agriculture due to their benefits in improving soil conditions and crop yield. However, their degradation into microplastics has been shown to negatively impact plant growth and development, posing a significant source of plastic pollution in the agroecosystem. In response to this issue, the present study aimed to design an innovative bioremediation system based on PGPR (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), biochar, and UV treatment for the degradation of plastics. Additionally, the phytotoxic effects of plastic residues on the growth of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) were evaluated to understand the impact of plastic contamination on plant health. Bacterial strains were isolated from vegetable-cultivated soil with plastic mulch. The bacterial strain demonstrating the most effective plant growth-promoting properties and plastic degradation efficiency was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OP007126). Biochar was prepared from food waste and thoroughly characterized. Polyethylene (PE) was exposed to UV radiation to induce degradation. A glass house experiment was then designed to assess the effect of PGPR, biochar, and UV radiation on mitigating plastic-induced stress and promoting plant growth. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and weight loss measurement showed a maximum degradation of 62% with a combination of all treatments. PE negatively affected the morphology of the plant as it decreased the shoot and root fresh weight by up to 60%. Biochemical parameters of spinach were also affected by PE, as proline content increased by up to 45%. The use of amendments demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating the detrimental impact of PE on spinach plants, as evidenced by improvements in morphological, physiologic, and biochemical parameters. This approach presents a promising strategy to mitigate the detrimental effects of plastic mulch and warrants further investigation through field trials.

Keywords Microplastics Biochar Degradation PGPR UV

Corresponding Author(s): Noshin Ilyas

Issue Date: 21 November 2024

Cite this article:

Nageen Bostan,Noshin Ilyas,Maimona Saeed, et al. An in vitro phytotoxicity assessment of UV-enhanced biodegradation of plastics for spinach cultivation[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2025, 19(2): 17.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-025-1937-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2025/V19/I2/17

Tab.1 Effect of amendments (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Biochar and UV) on weight reduction of MPs PE

Tab.2 Analysis of soil physiochemical attributes

Tab.3 Analysis of soil nutrient attributes

Fig.1 Effect of amendments (Psedomonas aeruginosa, biochar, and UV on morphological parameters of Spinacea oleracea) (a) shoot length, (b) root length, (c) shoot fresh weight, (d) root fresh weight.

Fig.2 Effect of amendments (Psedomonas aeruginosa, biochar, and UV on morphological parameters of Spinacea oleracea) (a) shoot dry weight, (b) root dry weight, (c) leaf area.

Fig.3 Effect of amendments (Psedomonas aeruginosa, biochar, and UV on physiological parameters of Spinacea oleracea) (a) relative water content, (b) membrane stability index.

Fig.4 Effect of amendments (Psedomonas aeruginosa, biochar, and UV on physiological parameters of Spinacea oleracea) (a) chlorophyll a content, (b), chlorophyll b content, (c) total chlorophyll content, (d) carotenoid content.

Fig.5 Effect of amendments (Psedomonas aeruginosa, Biochar and UV on Biochemical parameters of Spinacea oleracea) (a) proline content, (b) protein content, (c) free amino acid content, (d) soluble sugar content.

Fig.6 Effect of amendments (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biochar, and UV on antioxidant enzyme assay of Spinacea oleracea) (a) superoxide dismutase activity, (b) peroxidase activity, (c) catalase activity.

Fig.7 Heatmap showing the correlation coefficient between different treatments.

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