Avian metabolism: its control and evolution

doi:10.1007/s11515-012-1206-2

Front Biol

2013, Vol. 8

Issue (2) : 134-159 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-012-1206-2

REVIEW

Avian metabolism: its control and evolution

Colin G. SCANES¹(

), Eldon BRAUN²

1. Department of Biological Science, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; 2. Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA

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Abstract

This review discussed metabolism in poultry and wild birds with an emphasis on what remains to be elucidated. Circulating concentrations of glucose are much greater in both poultry and wild birds than in mammals which in turn are higher than in reptiles. The basis for this difference is unknown but does not appear to be related to the requirements of flight. Furthermore, birds exhibit a refractoriness to potential adverse effects of very high circulating concentrations of glucose. Again the basis of this is unclear. There is substantial information on the control of metabolism in poultry, although which hormones are exerting physiologic roles remains to be clarified. There is a tacit but unverified assumption that the control mechanisms are the same in wild birds and in poultry. Despite, significant research focus on metabolism in poultry and to a less extent wild birds, there is a dearth of studies determining metabolism in a quantitative manner.

Keywords metabolism bird circulating glucose glucagon insulin

Corresponding Author(s): SCANES Colin G.,Email:scanes@uwm.edu

Issue Date: 01 April 2013

Cite this article:

Colin G. SCANES,Eldon BRAUN. Avian metabolism: its control and evolution[J]. Front Biol, 2013, 8(2): 134-159.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-012-1206-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2013/V8/I2/134

Tab.1 Comparisons of circulating concentrations of glucose (mg/dL) in mammals, birds and reptiles in selected examples

Fig.1 Mean plasma glucose concentrations in 55 species of reptiles, in birds (97 species of wild birds) and in 162 species of mammals. The striking feature is the very high plasma level of plasma glucose in birds compared to the levels in either reptiles or mammals.

Tab.2 Examples of hormonal and metabolic perturbations on the circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin and glucagon in chickens

Tab.3 Control of Secretion of glucagon in domestic birds

Tab.4 Control of insulin secretion in domestic birds

Tab.5 Quantitative estimates of metabolic flows in adult chicks (mg/hour/kg)

Tab.6 Changes in the crop contents of ingesta and lactate during the period of night when young turkey poults are not feeding (data from or calculated from Johannsen et al., 2005)

Tab.7 Changes in the wet ingesta (grams) in the gastro-intestinal tract crop during a day night cycle (14L: 10D)

Tab.8 Effect of an immune challenge (adaptive) on basal metabolic rate in birds

Tab.9 Effect of selection for growth on ability growing poultry to withstand challenge by infectious organisms

Tab.10 Comparison of immune parameters in poultry selected for fast growth with either random bred controls or with lines selected for low growth

Tab.11 Plasma Glucose Concentrations (mg/dL) of Reptiles

Fig.2 Comparison of the mean glucose concentrations in mammals, birds and reptiles with their evolutionary relationships and estimated separation dates of common ancestors. Bold lines indicate identical structures for insulin. Phylogeny and separation dates are based on Shen et al., 2011. Similar phylogenies are reported by Hedges and Poling () and Sanders and Lee ()

Fig.3 Structure of insulin in birds

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