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Frontiers of Medicine

ISSN 2095-0217

ISSN 2095-0225(Online)

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Front. Med.    2022, Vol. 16 Issue (1) : 93-101    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-021-0914-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Early assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose (booster) of COVID-19 immunization in Chinese adults
Yuntao Zhang1, Yunkai Yang1, Niu Qiao2, Xuewei Wang1, Ling Ding3, Xiujuan Zhu3, Yu Liang4, Zibo Han4, Feng Liu2, Xinxin Zhang5(), Xiaoming Yang1()
1. China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing 100024, China
2. Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
3. Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China
4. National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing 101111, China
5. Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Abstract

Inducing durable and effective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via vaccination is essential to combat the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has been noticed that the strength of anti-COVID-19 vaccination-induced immunity fades over time, which calls for an additional vaccination regime, as known as booster immunization, to restore immunity among previously vaccinated populations. Here we report a pilot open-label trial of a third dose of BBIBP-CorV, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell), on 136 participants aged between 18 to 63 years. Safety and immunogenicity in terms of neutralizing antibody titers and cytokine/chemokine responses were analyzed as the main endpoint until day 28. While systemic reactogenicity was either absent or mild, SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody titers rapidly arose in all participants within 4 weeks, surpassing the peak antibody titers elicited by the initial two-dose immunization regime. Broad increases of cellular immunity-associated cytokines and chemokines were also detected in the majority of participants after the third vaccination. Furthermore, in an exploratory study, a newly developed recombinant protein vaccine, NVSI-06-08 (CHO Cells), was found to be safe and even more effective than BBIBP-CorV in eliciting humoral immune responses in BBIBP-CorV-primed individuals. Together, these results indicate that a third immunization schedule with either homologous or heterologous vaccine showed favorable safety profiles and restored potent SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity, providing support for further trials of booster vaccination in larger populations.
Keywords COVID-19      SARS-CoV-2      vaccine      immunization      booster immunization     
Corresponding Author(s): Xinxin Zhang,Xiaoming Yang   
Just Accepted Date: 24 December 2021   Online First Date: 28 January 2022    Issue Date: 28 March 2022
 Cite this article:   
Yuntao Zhang,Yunkai Yang,Niu Qiao, et al. Early assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose (booster) of COVID-19 immunization in Chinese adults[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(1): 93-101.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-021-0914-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/Y2022/V16/I1/93
Fig.1  Booster vaccination of BBIBP-CorV enhances humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2. (A,B) Neutralizing antibody titers of 12 individuals during the first year after receiving two doses of BBIBP-CorV vaccine. Geometric mean titer (GMT) values (A) and log10 values of neutralizing antibodies (B) are shown. (C,D) Neutralizing antibody titers of 136 BBIBP-CorV-primed individuals during the first month after receiving a third dose of BBIBP-CorV vaccine. GMT values (A) and log10 values of neutralizing antibodies (B) are shown. Standard deviation (SD) is estimated on log10 transformed neutralization titers. * Padj<0.05, ** Padj<0.01, **** Padj<0.0001; ns, not significant; d, day; m, month.
Characteristics Female
(n = 64)		 Male
(n = 72)		 P value
Age (year) 0.372
<40 43 (67.2) 40 (55.6)
40−60 20 (31.2) 30 (41.7)
≥60 1 (1.6) 2 (2.8)
Post-0 days 18.48 (0.33) 18.17 (0.28) 0.889
Post-3 days 27.15 (0.27) 19.61 (0.26) 0.002
Post-7 days 95.35 (0.38) 79.85 (0.35) 0.222
Post-14 days 384.15 (0.28) 346.85 (0.32) 0.393
Post-28 days 453.11 (0.31) 428.36 (0.33) 0.661
Tab.1  General information about 136 cases enrolled in the booster vaccination
Fig.2  Booster vaccination of BBIBP-CorV activates cytokine and chemokine responses. (A) Heat map of the measurement of 48 cytokines/chemokines. Colors indicate Z-scores. Factor names are shown at right. SARS-CoV-2 infection-related factors were labeled in red. Information of the age and sex of the subjects, and sample collection time are shown on the right. BBIBP, samples from subjects receiving the third dose of BBIBP-CorV vaccination; Pos.Ctrl, positive control (acutely infected COVID-19 cases); Neg.Ctrl, negative control. (B) Self-organizing map of four clusters of cytokines and chemokines in plasma samples of subjects receiving a third dose of BBIBP-CorV. The samples were divided according to the time of blood collection. Red represents higher levels and blue represents lower levels. (C) Violin plots of representative cytokines/chemokines induced by the third dose of BBIBP-CorV. P values of Wilcoxon tests are shown on each plot. *Padj<0.05, **Padj<0.01, ***Padj<0.001, ****Padj<0.0001; ns, not significant; d, day.
Type Age Sex Time interval to the 2nd dose (month) Before 3rd vaccination After 3rd vaccination
(14−28 days)
nAb titers Sampling date nAb titers Sampling date
B,B,B 57 Male 6 24 2021/8/5 512 2021/8/19
B,B,B 61 Female 6 24 2021/8/5 384 2021/9/2
B,B,B 50 Male 13 12 2021/8/9 256 2021/8/23
B,B,B 44 Female 14 12 2021/7/30 256 2021/8/26
B,B,B 62 Male 6 16 2021/8/9 384 2021/9/6
B,B,N 40 Female 6 / / 1280 2021/8/19
B,B,N 27 Male 6 / / 960 2021/9/2
B,B,N 27 Male 6 / / 1280 2021/8/23
B,B,N 31 Male 6 5 2021/7/30 1240 2021/8/26
B,B,N 30 Male 9 5 2021/8/9 960 2021/9/6
Tab.2  Characteristics of individuals in the exploratory study using a third dose of BBIBP-CorV vaccine and NVSI-06-08 vaccine
Fig.3  Heterologous vaccination with recombinant vaccine NVSI-06-08 enhances immunity in BBIBP-CorV-primed individuals. (A) Neutralizing antibody titers of BBIBP-CorV-primed individuals at 14−28 days after receiving a third dose of BBIBP-CorV vaccine (B, B, B; n = 5) or NVSI-06-08 vaccine (B, B, N; n = 5). Geometric mean titer (GMT) values are shown and standard deviation (SD) is calculated based on the raw neutralization titers. (B) NT50 of plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was used to evaluate the neutralization capacity induced by the vaccine against live SARS-CoV-2 variants. (C) NT50 of pseudovirus-based neutralizing antibody detection tests against a panel of pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 variants. **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001; ns, not significant.
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