Detection of photonic orbital angular momentum with micro- and nano-optical structures

doi:10.1007/s12200-017-0730-8

Front. Optoelectron.

2019, Vol. 12

Issue (1) : 88-96 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-017-0730-8

REVIEW ARTICLE

Detection of photonic orbital angular momentum with micro- and nano-optical structures

Chenhao WAN^1,², Guanghao RUI³, Jian CHEN^2,⁴, Qiwen ZHAN^2,⁵(

)

¹. School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
². Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, USA
³. Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
⁴. School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
⁵. School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

Download: PDF(2237 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Light with an optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) has attracted an increasing amount of interest and has found its way into many disciplines ranging from optical trapping, edge-enhanced microscopy, high-speed optical communication, and secure quantum teleportation to spin-orbital coupling. In a variety of OAM-involved applications, it is crucial to discern different OAM states with high fidelity. In the current paper, we review the latest research progress on OAM detection with micro- and nano-optical structures that are based on plasmonics, photonic integrated circuits (PICs), and liquid crystal devices. These innovative OAM sorters are promising to ultimately achieve the miniaturization and integration of high-fidelity OAM detectors and inspire numerous applications that harness the intriguing properties of the twisted light.

Keywords orbital angular momentum (OAM) optical vortices singular optics spatial light modulator surface plasmon polariton (SPP) holography photonic integrated circuit (PIC)

Corresponding Author(s): Qiwen ZHAN

Just Accepted Date: 17 August 2017 Online First Date: 12 September 2017 Issue Date: 29 April 2019

Cite this article:

Chenhao WAN,Guanghao RUI,Jian CHEN, et al. Detection of photonic orbital angular momentum with micro- and nano-optical structures[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2019, 12(1): 88-96.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-017-0730-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2019/V12/I1/88

Fig.1 (a) Schematic of light with spiral phase. The insets are the transverse intensity profiles of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes with different |l|. (b) Schematic of experimental setup. The plasmonic lens is excited by LG modes from the SiO₂ substrate side and imaged by a NSOM probe working on collection mode. Inset 1 is the diagram of a single ring plasmonic lens and the coordinates used in analytical derivation. The illumination is along the z-direction. Inset 2 is the scanning electronic microscope micrograph of the plasmonic lens fabricated in gold film on SiO₂ substrate. Adapted from Ref. [¹⁹]

Fig.2 Intensity distributions of the optical field near the plasmonic lens surface excited by photons with different OAMs. (a)−(e) are the NSOM images for l = 0, +1, −1, +2 and −2, respectively. (f)−(j) are the corresponding numerical simulation results. The excitation polarization is shown by the white arrow in (a). The scale bar in (f) and the color bar in (j) are also applicable to the other images of intensity distributions. Adapted from Ref. [¹⁹]

Fig.3 (a) Schematic of the metahologram. The holographic pattern has four sectors, which are designed by considering the interference between a converging SP wave with a vortex beam carrying different OAMs. The inset corresponds to the designed TC for each sector. (b) Binary version of the interferogram. Adapted from Ref. [²⁰]

Fig.4 Numerical simulations of the SP intensity distribution of the metahologram for circularly polarized illumination with a TC of 1. Adapted from Ref. [²⁰]

Fig.5 Lookup table for identifying incident OAM by encoding the OAM mode with discretized signal levels. Adapted from Ref. [²⁰]

Fig.6 Diagram of the proposed OAM receiver. The circular resonator with angular gratings patterned along the inner wall couples the normally incident azimuthally polarized vortex beam to an access waveguide. Adapted from Ref. [²⁶]

Fig.7 Receiving spectrum of the OAM receiver. Adapted from Ref. [²⁶]

Fig.8 Resonant wavelengths for vortex beam with different SAMs. Adapted from Ref. [²⁶]

Fig.9 Diagram of the composite OAM receiver that has a (a) GeSe annular film and (b) GeSe gratings consist of alternate states on top of the resonator as the cladding layer. The duty cycle of the gratings is 0.5. Adapted from Ref. [²⁶]

Fig.10 Receiving spectrum of the composited device shown in Fig. 5(a) when the GeSe is in (a) amorphous state and (b) crystal state, respectively. Adapted from Ref. [²⁶]

Fig.11 Comparison of two high-resolution OAM sorters. (a) Previous demonstrations with four custom refractive/diffractive elements (log-polar mapper, mapper corrector, fan-out element, fan-out corrector) and three lenses in between. (b) The novel scheme with only two custom phase elements (quadratic fan-out mapper, dual-phase corrector) and no lens in between. Adapted from Ref. [³⁹]

Fig.12 Numerical simulation and experimental results for the three-copy fan-out case of OAM sorting. (a) Simulation results show that different OAM modes (l = −2, −1, 0, 1 and 2) are sorted into a set of parallel lines with various vertical positions. (b) Experimental results verify the simulation results. All experimental images use the same scale bar and coordinates. Adapted from Ref. [³⁹]

1	A MYao, M JPadgett. Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications. Advances in Optics and Photonics, 2011, 3(2): 161–204 https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.3.000161
2	LAllen, M WBeijersbergen, R J CSpreeuw, J PWoerdman. Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes. Physical Review A, 1992, 45(11): 8185–8189 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.45.8185
3	JWang, J YYang, I MFazal, NAhmed, YYan, HHuang, YRen, YYue, SDolinar, MTur, A EWillner. Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Nature Photonics, 2012, 6(7): 488–496 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.138
4	A EWillner, HHuang, YYan, YRen, NAhmed, GXie, CBao, LLi, YCao, ZZhao, JWang, M P JLavery, MTur, SRamachandran, A FMolisch, NAshrafi, SAshrafi. Optical communications using orbital angular momentum beams. Advances in Optics and Photonics, 2015, 7(1): 66–106 https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.7.000066
5	JCourtial, M JPadgett. Limit to the orbital angular momentum per unit energy in a light beam that can be focused onto a small particle. ‎. Optics Communications, 2000, 173(1–6): 269–274 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4018(99)00619-7
6	CMaurer, AJesacher, SBernet, MRitsch-Marte. What spatial light modulators can do for optical microscopy. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2011, 5(1): 81–101 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.200900047
7	KDholakia, NSimpson, MPadgett, LAllen. Second-harmonic generation and the orbital angular momentum of light. Physical Review A, 1996, 54(5): R3742–R3745 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.54.R3742
8	AMair, AVaziri, GWeihs, AZeilinger. Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons. Nature, 2001, 412(6844): 313–316 https://doi.org/10.1038/35085529
9	GGibson, JCourtial, MPadgett, MVasnetsov, VPas’ko, SBarnett, SFranke-Arnold. Free-space information transfer using light beams carrying orbital angular momentum. Optics Express, 2004, 12(22): 5448–5456 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.005448
10	JLeach, M JPadgett, S MBarnett, SFranke-Arnold, JCourtial. Measuring the orbital angular momentum of a single photon. Physical Review Letters, 2002, 88(25): 257901 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.257901
11	V MShalaev, SKawata. Nanophotonics with Surface Plasmons. New York: Elsevier, 2007
12	ALiu, GRui, XRen, QZhan, GGuo, GGuo. Encoding photonic angular momentum information onto surface plasmon polaritons with plasmonic lens. Optics Express, 2012, 20(22): 24151–24159 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.024151
13	YGorodetski, NShitrit, IBretner, VKleiner, EHasman. Observation of optical spin symmetry breaking in nanoapertures. Nano Letters, 2009, 9(8): 3016–3019 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl901437d
14	HKim, JPark, S WCho, S YLee, MKang, BLee. Synthesis and dynamic switching of surface plasmon vortices with plasmonic vortex lens. Nano Letters, 2010, 10(2): 529–536 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl903380j
15	S WCho, JPark, S YLee, HKim, BLee. Coupling of spin and angular momentum of light in plasmonic vortex. Optics Express, 2012, 20(9): 10083–10094 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.010083
16	NShitrit, IBretner, YGorodetski, VKleiner, EHasman. Optical spin Hall effects in plasmonic chains. Nano Letters, 2011, 11(5): 2038–2042 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl2004835
17	SYang, WChen, R LNelson, QZhan. Miniature circular polarization analyzer with spiral plasmonic lens. Optics Letters, 2009, 34(20): 3047–3049 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.34.003047
18	WChen, QZhan. Realization of an evanescent Bessel beam via surface plasmon interference excited by a radially polarized beam. Optics Letters, 2009, 34(6): 722–724 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.34.000722
19	A PLiu, XXiong, X FRen, Y JCai, G HRui, Q WZhan, G CGuo, G PGuo. Detecting orbital angular momentum through division-of-amplitude interference with a circular plasmonic lens. Scientific Reports, 2013, 3(1): 2402 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02402
20	GRui, YMa, BGu, QZhan, YCui. Multi-channel orbital angular momentum detection with metahologram. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(18): 4379–4382 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.004379
21	PGenevet, JLin, M AKats, FCapasso. Holographic detection of the orbital angular momentum of light with plasmonic photodiodes. Nature Communications, 2012, 3: 1278 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2293
22	R MKerber, J MFitzgerald, D EReiter, S SOh, OHess. Reading the orbital angular momentum of light using plasmonic nanoantennas. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4(4): 891–896 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00980
23	ALiu, RJones, LLiao, DSamara-Rubio, DRubin, OCohen, RNicolaescu, MPaniccia. A high-speed silicon optical modulator based on a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor. Nature, 2004, 427(6975): 615–618 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02310
24	DMarris-Morini, XLe Roux, LVivien, ECassan, DPascal, MHalbwax, SMaine, SLaval, J MFédéli, J FDamlencourt. Optical modulation by carrier depletion in a silicon PIN diode. Optics Express, 2006, 14(22): 10838–10843 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.010838
25	QXu, BSchmidt, SPradhan, MLipson. Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator. Nature, 2005, 435(7040): 325–327 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03569
26	GRui, BGu, YCui, QZhan. Detection of orbital angular momentum using a photonic integrated circuit. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6(1): 28262 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28262
27	XCai, JWang, M JStrain, BJohnson-Morris, JZhu, MSorel, J LO’Brien, M GThompson, SYu. Integrated compact optical vortex beam emitters. Science, 2012, 338(6105): 363–366 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226528
28	M JStrain, XCai, JWang, JZhu, D BPhillips, LChen, MLopez-Garcia, J LO’brien, M GThompson, MSorel, SYu. Fast electrical switching of orbital angular momentum modes using ultra-compact integrated vortex emitters. Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 4856 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5856
29	YYang, YHuang, WGuo, QLu, J FDonegan. Enhancement of quality factor for TE whispering-gallery modes in microcylinder resonators. Optics Express, 2010, 18(12): 13057 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.013057
30	N KFontaine, C RDoerr, L.BuhlEfficient multiplexing and demultiplexing of freespace orbital angular momentum using photonic integrated circuits. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exposition. 2012, OTu1I.2
31	JSun, MMoresco, GLeake, DCoolbaugh, M RWatts. Generating and identifying optical orbital angular momentum with silicon photonic circuits. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(20): 5977–5980 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.005977
32	ALiu, CZou, XRen, QWang, GGuo. On-chip generation and control of the vortex beam. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 108(18): 181103 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4948519
33	TSu, R PScott, S SDjordjevic, N KFontaine, D JGeisler, XCai, S J BYoo. Demonstration of free space coherent optical communication using integrated silicon photonic orbital angular momentum devices. Optics Express, 2012, 20(9): 9396–9402 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.009396
34	WHan, YYang, WCheng, QZhan. Vectorial optical field generator for the creation of arbitrarily complex fields. Optics Express, 2013, 21(18): 20692–20706 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.020692
35	G CBerkhout, M PLavery, JCourtial, M WBeijersbergen, M JPadgett. Efficient sorting of orbital angular momentum states of light. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 105(15): 153601 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.153601
36	MMalik, MMirhosseini, M PLavery, JLeach, M JPadgett, R WBoyd. Direct measurement of a 27-dimensional orbital-angular-momentum state vector. Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 3115 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4115
37	M NO’Sullivan, MMirhosseini, MMalik, R WBoyd. Near-perfect sorting of orbital angular momentum and angular position states of light. Optics Express, 2012, 20(22): 24444–24449 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.024444
38	MMirhosseini, MMalik, ZShi, R WBoyd. Efficient separation of the orbital angular momentum eigenstates of light. Nature Communications, 2013, 4: 2781 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3781
39	CWan, JChen, QZhan. Compact and high-resolution optical orbital angular momentum sorter. APL Photonics, 2017, 2(3): 031302 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4974824
40	GRuffato, MMassari, FRomanato. Compact sorting of optical vortices by means of diffractive transformation optics. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(3): 551–554 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.42.000551
41	KDai, CGao, LZhong, QNa, QWang. Measuring OAM states of light beams with gradually-changing-period gratings. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(4): 562–565 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.40.000562
42	SZheng, JWang. Measuring orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of vortex beams with annular gratings. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 40781 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40781
43	VD’Ambrosio, ENagali, S PWalborn, LAolita, SSlussarenko, LMarrucci, FSciarrino. Complete experimental toolbox for alignment-free quantum communication. Nature Communications, 2012, 3: 961 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1951

[1]	Long ZHU, Jian WANG. A review of multiple optical vortices generation: methods and applications[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2019, 12(1): 52-68.
[2]	Wenshu MA, Qi LI, Jianye LU, Liyu SUN. De-noising research on terahertz holographic reconstructed image based on weighted nuclear norm minimization method[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2018, 11(3): 267-274.
[3]	Leslie A. RUSCH, Sophie LAROCHELLE. Fiber transmission demonstrations in vector mode space division multiplexing[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2018, 11(2): 155-162.
[4]	Xi WANG,Jun CHANG,Yajun NIU,Xiaoyu DU,Ke ZHANG,Guijuan XIE,Bochuan ZHANG. Design and demonstration of a foveated imaging system with reflective spatial light modulator[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2017, 10(1): 89-94.
[5]	Jingtao XIN,Zhehai ZHOU,Xiaoping LOU,Mingli DONG,Lianqing ZHU. Transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian beam by a ring-lens[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2017, 10(1): 9-13.
[6]	Yidong HUANG,Kaiyu CUI,Fang LIU,Xue FENG,Wei ZHANG. Novel optoelectronic characteristics from manipulating general energy-bands by nanostructures[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2016, 9(2): 151-159.
[7]	Hao RUAN. Recent advances in holographic data storage[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2014, 7(4): 450-466.
[8]	Xiaodi TAN,Xiao LIN,An’an WU,Jingliang ZANG. High density collinear holographic data storage system[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2014, 7(4): 443-449.
[9]	Jian WANG. A review of recent progress in plasmon-assisted nanophotonic devices[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2014, 7(3): 320-337.
[10]	Xue FENG, Fang LIU, Yidong HUANG. Spontaneous emission rate enhancement of nano-structured silicon by surface plasmon polariton[J]. Front Optoelec, 2012, 5(1): 51-62.
[11]	Gongli XIAO, Xiang JI, Linfei GAO, Xingjun WANG, Zhiping ZHOU. Effect of dipole location on profile properties of symmetric surface plasmon polariton mode in Au/Al₂O₃/Au waveguide[J]. Front Optoelec, 2012, 5(1): 63-67.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed