On the transformation textures influenced by deformation in electrical steels, high manganese steels and pure titanium sheets

doi:10.1007/s11706-022-0582-z

Front. Mater. Sci.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (1) : 220582 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-022-0582-z

PERSPECTIVE

On the transformation textures influenced by deformation in electrical steels, high manganese steels and pure titanium sheets

Ping YANG¹(

), Dandan MA¹, Xinfu GU¹, Feng’e CUI²

¹. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
². Institute of New Materials Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

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Abstract

Transformation texture is normally different to deformation and recrystallization textures, thus influencing materials properties differently. As deformation and recrystallization are often inseparable to transformation in materials which shows a variety in types such as diffusional or non-diffusional transformations, different phenomena or rules of strengthening transformation textures occur. This paper summarizes the complicated phenomena and rules by comparison of a lot of authors’ published and unpublished data collected from mainly electrical steels, high manganese steels and pure titanium sheets. Three kinds of influencing deformation are identified, namely the dynamic transformation with concurrent deformation and transformation, the transformation preceded by deformation and recrystallization and the surface effect induced transformation, and the textures related with them develop in different mechanisms. It is stressed that surface effect induced transformation is particularly effective to enhance transformation texture. It is also shown that the materials properties are also improved by controlled transformation textures, in particular in electrical steels. It is hoped that these phenomena and processing techniques are beneficial to the establishment of transformation texture theory and property improvement in practice.

Keywords electrical steel high manganese steel recrystallization transformation titanium deformation

Corresponding Author(s): Ping YANG

About author:

Miaojie Yang and Mahmood Brobbey Oppong contributed equally to this work.

Online First Date: 02 March 2022 Issue Date: 02 March 2022

Cite this article:

Ping YANG,Dandan MA,Xinfu GU, et al. On the transformation textures influenced by deformation in electrical steels, high manganese steels and pure titanium sheets[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2022, 16(1): 220582.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-022-0582-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2022/V16/I1/220582

Tab.1 Chemical compositions of the investigated materials in wt.% [13,16,18–30,35–42]

Fig.1 (a) High Mn TRIP steels with preferred nucleation of {1?0?0}-oriented martensite from {1?0?0}-oriented austenite. (b)(c)(d) Orientation distribution function (ODF) figures at different cold rolling reductions determined by EBSD (in panel (b)) and XRD (in panels (c) and (d)). 10% reduction (panels (a) and (b)); 20% reduction (panel (c)); 40% reduction (panel (d)) showing that {1?0?0}martensite can also be transformed from other oriented austenite. Figure 1(c) was reproduced with permission from Ref. [37].

Fig.2 Microstructures and textures of Q235 low carbon steel heated at 900 °C and cooled to 770 °C followed by different true strains of (a) 0.3, (b) 0.53, (c) 0.7, (d)(e)(f) 1, and (g) 1.6.

Fig.3 EBSD data of pure Ti sheet heated to 1050 °C and rolled by 50% in single pass and water quenched (3 mm in thickness): (a) orientation map; (b) pole figures of scattered orientation and contour lines; (c) misorientation distribution.

Fig.4 EBSD orientation map of an electrical steel Fe–0.5Mn that experienced cold rolling, heating to above transformation temperature (1000 °C, 5 min; A_r3 = 864 °C, A_c3 = 901 °C) and then cooled to room temperature.

Fig.5 In situ neutron diffraction measurement of transformation texture during the cycle of cold rolled α (room temperature) → β (950 °C) → α (800 °C) in TA2 sheet.

Fig.6 Influence of rolling temperature on transformation textures in pure Ti sheets 90% rolled and heated to 1000 °C in N₂ for 3 min and water quenched (0.2 mm in thickness): (a) warm rolling at 600 °C; (b) cold rolling. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39].

Fig.7 Influence of the heating temperature on the transformation texture in two electrical steels: (a) Fe–0.46Mn at 900 °C, 950 °C, and 1000 °C (A_r1 = 844 °C, A_c1 = 885 °C, A_r3 = 864 °C, and A_c3 = 901 °C); (b) Fe–0.82Si–1.37Mn at 940 °C, 960 °C, 980 °C, and 1000 °C (A_r1 = 815 °C, A_c1 = 900 °C, A_r3 = 831 °C, and A_c3 = 921 °C). Figure 7(b) was reproduced with permission from Ref. [26].

Fig.8 Microstructures and textures in TA2 sheets cold rolled for (a) 90% and (b) 80% and transformation treated by 1100 °C, Ar (in panel (a)) and He (in panel (b)), 0.4 mm in thickness. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [39–40].

Fig.9 Four kinds of steel compositions of Fe–xC–yMn–3Si subjected to vacuum annealing at 1100 °C for 30 min showing a difference in {1 0 0} textures (dominant texture component is listed below each map): (a) sample 1#; (b) sample 2#; (c) sample 3#; (d) sample 4#.

Fig.10 Formation of surface ferrite layers at 1100 °C for (a) 10 min, (b) 20 min, and (c) 60 min, and (d)(e)(f) their respective orientation distributions of cold rolled high Mn TRIP steel subjected to vacuum annealing of the Mn removal. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [13].

Texture type	Type and feature of transformation	Material	Typical transformation textures	Effect of deformation/recrystallization	Advantage/disadvantage in application
Textures due to dynamic transformation	TRIP at RT; non-diffusive	High Mn steel	{1 0 0}〈0 kl〉; {1 1 3}〈1 1 0〉; {5 5 4}〈2 2 5〉	Provide driving force for transformation; orientation dependence	Mechanical properties; {1 0 0} disadv., other two, adv.
	DIT at HT; diffusive	Steel	{1 1 1}	Strengthening {1 1 1} of soft fine ferrite grains by deformation and dynamic recrystallization	Mechanical properties, high strength, adv.
	DIT at HT; diffusive	Ti	{1 1 $2 ‾$ 0}〈1 $1 ‾$ 0 0〉	Slight promote α → β, but promote {1 1 $2 ‾$ 0}〈1 $1 ‾$ 0 0〉	High strength, low plasticity
Textures due to memory effect	α_def → γ → α; diffusive	Electrical steels	{1 1 1}〈hkl〉	Produce deformation and recrystallization textures, crystal defects or residue stress	Magnetic properties; disadv.
Textures due to memory effect	α_def → γ → α; diffusive	Ti	Tilted basal texture	Same as above	Deep drawing ability, adv.
Textures due to surface effects	α_def → γ → α_suf; diffusive; during cooling; physical effect	Electrical steels	{1 0 0}〈0 kl〉	Provide {1 0 0} seeds; uniform grain size distribution; induce anisotropic elastic module	Magnetic property, adv.
		Ti	{1 1 $2 ‾$ 0}〈1 $1 ‾$ 0 0〉	Similar as above	Mechanical property, adv.
	α_def → γ/α_suf; diffusive, during heating; chemical effect	Silicon steel	{1 0 0}〈0 kl〉	Trigger {1 0 0} grains to consume {1 1 1} grains	Magnetic property, adv.
	α_def → γ/α_suf; diffusive, during heating; chemical effect	High Mn steels	Retained rolling texture	Produce rolling texture which is retained in transformed surface layer	Mechanical & deep drawing ability, adv.

Tab.2 Summary of transformation textures in three materials and the effect of deformation

Fig.11 (a) Pronounced intergrain orientation gradients, (b) abundant Σ3 misorientations, (c) misorientation distribution shown by kernel average misorientation (KAM) map, and (d) the grain orientation spread of a grain taken from the surface region in Fe–0.5Mn electrical steels after transformation treatment. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24].

Fig.12 Rotation of {1 0 0} grains of columnar grained slab by surface shearing during hot rolling for 71% reduction in Fe–3%Si non-oriented silicon steels: (a) EBSD band contrast map; (b) a shear deformed columnar grain isolated from sheet center (the color denotes IPF-ND); (c) orientation change within the grain in panel (b).

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