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Frontiers of Materials Science

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ISSN 2095-0268(Online)

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Front. Mater. Sci.    2014, Vol. 8 Issue (4) : 313-324    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-014-0266-4
REVIEW ARTICLE
Physical modification of polyetheretherketone for orthopedic implants
Ya-Wei DU1,2,Li-Nan ZHANG2,Zeng-Tao HOU2,Xin YE2,Hong-Sheng GU3,Guo-Ping YAN1,Peng SHANG2,*()
1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
2. Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
3. Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
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Abstract

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is regarded as one of the most potential candidates for replacing current implant applications. To obtain good bone-implant interfaces, many modification methods have been developed to enable PEEK and PEEK-based composites from bio-inert to bioactive. Among them, physical methods have aroused significant attention and been widely used to modify PEEK for orthopedic implants. This review summarizes current physical modification techniques of PEEK for orthopedic applications, which include composite strategies, surface coating methods and irradiation treatments. The positive consequences of those modification methods will encourage continuing investigations and stimulate the wide range of applications of PEEK-based implants in orthopedics.
Keywords polyetheretherketone (PEEK)      modification      bioactivity      bone-implant interface     
Corresponding Author(s): Peng SHANG   
Online First Date: 24 October 2014    Issue Date: 04 December 2014
 Cite this article:   
Ya-Wei DU,Li-Nan ZHANG,Zeng-Tao HOU, et al. Physical modification of polyetheretherketone for orthopedic implants[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2014, 8(4): 313-324.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-014-0266-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2014/V8/I4/313
Fig.1  The chemical construction of PEEK.
Type of materials Elastic modulus /GPa Tensile strength /MPa Refs.
Bone (cortical bone) 16–23 80–150 [17,22]
UHMWPE 0.5–1.3 20–30 [6,17]
PEEK (OPTIMA LT1) 4 93 [6,8,17]
CFR-PEEK (LT1CA30) 20 170
CFR-PEEK (Endolign) 135 >2000
Stainless steel (ASTM F138) 190 792 [17]
CoCr (ASTM F78) 210–253 448–841
Ti–6Al–4V (ASTM 136) 116 897–1034
Tab.1  The elastic modulus and tensile strength of bone and common orthopedic materials
Fig.2  Cross-section SEM images of HA/PEEK composites by in situ polymerization with different HA content: (a) 2.6 vol.% HA/PEEK; (b) 5.6 vol.% HA/PEEK. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42])
Fig.3  From Micro-CT reconstructed cross sections, the BIC ratio of the HA-coated PEEK specimens was higher than that of the bare PEEK specimens. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [57])
Fig.4  SEM images of HA coating on PEEK by aerosol deposition: (a) lateral view; (b) plane view. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67])
Biactive PEEK Processing techniques Measurement and modifying effects Refs.
CFR-PEEK compounding and injection molding In vitro analysis: with no significant effect on cell proliferation, but high cell differentiation ability of osteoblasts [35–36]
PEEK/HA compounding and injection molding In vivo analysis: with the emerging of the presence of osteocytes, fibro-vascular tissue providing blood supply to the forming bone; SEM confirmed mature bone tissue can be observed adjacent to the bone–implant interface in close apposition [38]
PEEK/HA compounding and injection molding In vitro analysis: with the apatite formation and the extent of which increased with the volume fraction of HA in the composite by SBF immersion test [39]
PEEK/HA in situ synthesis In vitro and in vivo analysis: with great improvement on mechanical property and bonding state between PEEK and HA and seamless bone-implant interface was observed [42–43]
PEEK/Sr–HA compounding and compression molding In vitro analysis: with great bone bonding ability in SBF immersion test; great cell mineralization results, but the cell proliferation and ALP tests were not remarkable [46]
PEEK/β-TCP compounding and injection molding In vitro analysis: with a low cell proliferation result [53]
PEEK/β-TCP laser sintering In vitro and in vivo analysis: with great osteoblasts cells viability and higher interfacial strength in vivo, but the cell proliferation and differentiation results were poor [54–55]
HA-coated PEEK plasma spraying In vivo analysis: with a high BIC ratio [56]
HA-coated PEEK cold spraying In vitro and in vivo analysis: with good results of cells proliferation, tensile strength tests and high BIC ratio [57]
HA-coated PEEK aerosol deposition In vitro and in vivo analysis: with a great cellular response and a high BIC ratio [67]
Ti-coated PEEK ionic plasma deposition In vitro analysis: with greate osteoblast adhesion [68]
Ti-coated PEEK electron beam deposition In vitro and in vivo analysis: with great results of the cell proliferation and a significantly high ALP level as well as an excellent BIC ratio [69]
NanoHA-coated PEEK spin coating In vivo analysis: with a high mean BIC ratio [70]
HA-coated PEEK/Mg compression molding and deposition In vitro analysis: with excellent mechanical properties and great biocompatibility [71]
Tab.2  Different modification methods of PEEK for orthopedic applications
Fig.5  Compared with (a) untreated PEEK, (b) ANAB-treated PEEK was found a very good contact with bone as well as a cortical bone ledge that appears to cover nearly 50% of the surface by week 4 (indicated by arrows). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83])
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