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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.
REVIEW
GASEOUS REACTIVE NITROGEN LOSSES FROM ORCHARDS, VEGETABLES AND TEA PLANTATIONS
Jinyang WANG1,2, Pinshang XU1, Haiyan LIN1, Shumin GUO1, Zhaoqiang HAN1, Jianwen ZOU1,2()
1. Key Laboratory of Green and Low-carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
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Abstract

● Gaseous N emissions from orchards, vegetables and tea plantations (OVT) are reviewed.

● Gaseous N emissions from OVT are greater in China than the rest of the world.

● OVT are hotspots for gaseous N emissions from the agricultural sector in China.

Nitrogen fertilizer application has accelerated the agricultural soil N cycle while ensuring food security. Gaseous reactive N emissions from orchards, vegetables and tea plantations (OVT) are less understood than those from cereal crops. This paper presents a compilation of data on soil ammonia, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide emissions from 1454 OVT systems at 184 unique experimental locations worldwide aiming to investigate their emission characteristics, emission factors (EF), and contribution to total farmland emissions. NH3 and N2O emissions from orchards and N2O and NO emissions from vegetable production were significantly higher in China than in the rest of the world, regardless of fertilizer application, while N2O emissions from tea plantations were lower than for vegetables. The EF of NH3 for vegetables was close to the global mean value with urea application but significantly higher than that of orchards. The EF of N2O in orchards and vegetables was comparable to the global median value, while in tea plantations, the value was 2.3 times higher than the global median value. Current estimates suggest that direct emissions of NH3, N2O, and NO from OVT systems are equivalent to approximately a quarter, two thirds and a half of the total farmland in China, respectively. Future research needs to strengthen observational field studies in establishing standard sampling methods for gaseous N emissions and implementing knowledge-based management measures to help achieve the green development of agriculture.
Keywords fruit      greenhouse gas      green development      fertilizer management      climate change     
Corresponding Author(s): Jianwen ZOU   
Just Accepted Date: 20 December 2022   Online First Date: 09 February 2023   
 Cite this article:   
Jinyang WANG,Pinshang XU,Haiyan LIN, et al. GASEOUS REACTIVE NITROGEN LOSSES FROM ORCHARDS, VEGETABLES AND TEA PLANTATIONS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 09 February 2023. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2022477.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2022477
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y/V/I/0
Fig.1  Gaseous reactive N losses from orchards, vegetables and tea plantations (OVT). (a) Harvested area of OVT in China during 1990−2020. (b) Distribution of experimental observations for measuring gaseous reactive N emissions from OVT. (c) Comparison of gaseous reactive N emissions between cropping systems or regions under fertilization conditions. (d) Comparison of background gaseous reactive N emissions (unfertilized plots) between cropping systems or regions. Asterisks indicate results of non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. ns, P > 0.05; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.
Plant type Emission Region EF (%) IPCC method Reference
Orchard N2O China 0.70 Tier 3 [36]
1.08 Tier 1 [20]
1.72 Tier 3
World 0.84 Tier 3
1.19 Tier 1
1.36 Tier 3 [37]
1.39 Tier 1 [36]
1.62 Tier 3
1.86 Tier 3 [20]
Vegetable N2O China 0.55 Tier 3 [38]
0.63 Tier 3 [39]
0.69 Tier 1 [40]
0.69 Tier 3 [41]
0.73 Tier 1
0.86 Tier 1 [42]
0.95 Tier 3
1.69 Tier 1 [35]
World 0.93 Tier 3 [43]
0.94 Tier 1 [44]
1.41 Tier 1 [45]
1.50 Tier 3
2.42 Tier 1 [17]
Tea N2O China 1.89 Tier 3 [27]
2.19 Tier 1
2.72 Tier 1 [46]
World 1.81 Tier 3 [27]
2.31 Tier 1 [47]
2.31 Tier 1 [27]
Vegetable NO China 0.87 Tier 1
1.26 Tier 1 [35]
World 0.75 Tier 1 [18]
1.71 Tier 1 [17]
Orchard NO China 0.42 Tier 1 [18]
World 0.42 Tier 1
Tea NO China 1.54 Tier 1
Orchard NH3 World 3.64 Tier 1 [36]
5.22 Tier 3
Vegetable NH3 China 11.60 Tier 1 [35]
13.36 Tier 1 [30]
World 13.34 Tier 1
Tab.1  Summary of emission factor (EF) of gaseous N loss (N2O, NO, and NH3) from orchards, vegetables, and tea plantations
Emission and plant type Region Period Estimates Reference
NH3 (Tg·yr−1 N)
　Vegetable China 2018 0.52 ± 0.05 [35]
2014 0.63 ± 0.04 [30]
2017 1.10 [26]
World 2014 1.10 ± 0.16 [30]
　Orchard China 2017 0.31 [26]
　Tea China 2017 0.03
　Other cash crops China 2018 0.07 ± 0.01 [35]
　Other non-cereal crops World 2014 1.38 ± 0.14 [30]
N2O (Gg·yr−1 N)
　Vegetable China 2018 74.7 ± 7.62 [35]
2015 69.0 [40]
2009 67.0 [38]
2016 50.8 ± 11.6 [50]
2008 35.6 ± 5.09 [39]
1990s 55.0 (11.8−129) [51]
World 2010 95.0 [44]
　Orchard China 2016 25.8 ± 2.68 [50]
2000s 41.0 (20.0−78.0) [20]
　Tea China 2013 41.0 [46]
2010s 41.6 [27]
World 2018 84.0 [47]
2018 57.0
2010s 46.5 [27]
NO (Gg·yr−1 N)
　Vegetable China 2018 55.7 ± 12.9 [35]
　Other cash crops China 2018 40. ± 11.0
　Vegetable World 2010 83.3 (50.5−130) [18]
　Orchard World 2010 75.8 (42.6−110)
　Tea World 2010 24.2 (16.7−32)
Tab.2  Summary of estimates of gaseous reactive N emissions from orchards, vegetables and tea plantations in China and the world
Fig.2  Comparison of fertilizer application-induced reactive N emissions between orchard, vegetable, and tea plantation systems and cereal crops in China. Downward arrows indicate nitrogen fertilizer application. The three upward arrows in each group from left to right indicate the fluxes of NH3, N2O and NO emissions, respectively. The three circles in each group from left to right indicate total NH3, N2O and NO emissions, respectively. The arrow widths and circle sizes indicate the size of each gas when normalized across crops. For cereals, data on N application rate, emissions of N2O and NH3 are adapted from Chen et al.[16] and NO emissions are from Wang et al.[18]. Estimates of NH3, N2O and NO for cereals are adapted from Wang et al.[26], Aliyu et al.[40] and Ma et al.[35].
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