Functionalized activated carbon for the adsorptive removal of perchlorate from water solutions

doi:10.1007/s11705-015-1517-3

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2015, Vol. 9

Issue (2) : 194-208 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-015-1517-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Functionalized activated carbon for the adsorptive removal of perchlorate from water solutions

Rovshan MAHMUDOV,Chinglung CHEN,Chin-Pao HUANG(

)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA

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Abstract

Two types of activated carbon, namely, Filtrasorb 400 and Nuchar SA, were functionalized by quaternary ammonium salts (quats), as to enhance perchlorate adsorption. Results showed that the adsorption of quats on Nuchar SA increased with increase in chain length (hydrophobicity) of quats. Filtrasorb 400, however, had limited uptake of long-chain quats such as dodecyltrimethylammonium and hexadecyltrimethylammoium (HDTMA). Results indicated that perchlorate removal by the functionalized activated carbon was directly related to the chain length of the modifying quats. Perchlorate removal by functionalized activated carbon increased with increase in chain length of the modifying quats and became less pH-dependent. Modified Nuchar SA had higher overall perchlorate removal capacity than the modified Filtrasorb F400, but was more strongly affected by pH than Filtrasorb 400. Activated carbon treated with HDTMA exhibited the best perchlorate removal capacity among all quats studied. Results indicated that tailoring the activated carbon surface with HDTMA rendered the activated carbon surface positively charged, which resulted in substantial increase in perchlorate removal compared to unfunctionalized activated carbons.

Keywords perchlorate activated carbon removal functionalization quaternary ammonium salts

Corresponding Author(s): Chin-Pao HUANG

Online First Date: 19 June 2015 Issue Date: 14 July 2015

Cite this article:

Chinglung CHEN,Chin-Pao HUANG,Rovshan MAHMUDOV. Functionalized activated carbon for the adsorptive removal of perchlorate from water solutions[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(2): 194-208.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-015-1517-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2015/V9/I2/194

Tab.1 Specification of activated carbons used in this study

Fig.1

Tab.2 Cationic surfactants used in this study

Fig.2 Experimental flow chart

Fig.3 Adsorption of quats on Nuchar SA (?) and Filtrasorb F400 (●). (a) HTMA; (b) OTMA; (c) DDTMA; (d) HDTMA, and (e) BTMA. Experimental conditions: pH= 7, I= 10^?2 mol·L^-1 NaCl, [AC] = 1.0 g·L^-1. Lines represent fit by the Langmuir model

Fig.4 The pore volume distribution of F400 (l) and Nuchar SA (?)

Tab.3 Isotherm fitted parameters for the adsorption of quats on activated carbon

Fig.5 Effect of pH on perchlorate removal by functionalized Filtrasorb F400 (left column) and Nuchar SA (right column)) functionalized with BTMA, HTMA, OTMA, DDTMA, and HDTMA. Solid symbols perchlorate adsorption on functionalized activated carbon, hollow symbols plain activated carbon. (▇): [ C l O 4 - ]_o = 0.2 mmol·L^-1; (◆): [ C l O 4 - ]_o = 0.5 mmol·L^-1; (●): [ C l O 4 - ]_o = 1.0 mmol·L^-1. (a) BTMA; (b) HTMA; (c) OTMA; (d) DDTMA; (e) HDTMA. Experimental conditions: [FAC] = 0.5 g/L, I= 10^-2 mol·L^-1 NaCl. AC modified with 10 mmol·L^-1 of quats

Fig.6 Adsorption isotherms of perchlorate uptake by (a) functionalized F400 and (b) Nuchar SA at pH= 4. (●) BTMA; (▇) OTMA; (◆) DDTMA; (?) HDTMA; (?) HTMA; (○) plain activated carbon. Lines represent fit by the Langmuir equation. Experimental conditions: [FAC] = 0.5 g·L^-1, I= 10^?2 mol·L^-1 NaCl, surface loading on F400 (mmol·g^-1): BTMA= 1.09, HTMA= 0.91, OTMA= 1.30, DDTMA= 0.26, HDTMA= 0.42, and, surface loading Nuchar SA (mmol·g^-1): BTMA= 0.72, HTMA= 1.09, OTMA= 1.62, DDTMA= 1.15, and HDTMA= 1.81

Fig.7 Adsorption isotherms of perchlorate uptake by (a) F400 and (b) Nuchar SA functionalized with HDTMA at pH= 4 (●) and pH=7(▇). Open symbols are for plain activated carbon. Lines represent fit by the Langmuir equation. Experimental conditions: [FAC] = 0.5 g·L^-1, I= 10^-2 mol·L^-1 NaCl, HDTMA surface loading= 0.39 mmol·g^-1

Tab.4 Parameters of the Langmuir equation for perchlorate adsorption onto functionalized activated carbons at pH= 4

Fig.8 Proposed mechanism for quats arrangement on activated carbon surface and perchlorate adsorption

Fig.9 Effect of quats surface loading on perchlorate uptake by functionalized Filtrasorb F400: (a) DDTMA; (b) HDTMA; (c) gives plot of perchlorate adsorption density versus that of various quarts adsorbed onto Filtrasorb 400. Experimental conditions: [ClO₄]_o = 1.5 mmol·L^-1, pH= 7, I= 10^?2 NaCl, [AC] = 1.0 g·L^-1

Fig.10 Effect of (a) HTMA, (b) OTMA, (c) DDTMA, (d) HDTMA and (e) BTMA loading and pH on zeta potential of Nuchar SA. (o) plain carbon, and treated with (▇) 1mmol·L^-1, (?) 1.2 mmol·L^-1, (◆) 5 mmol·L^-1, and (●) 10 mmol·L^-1 of quats. Experimental conditions: [AC] = 0.5 g·L^-1, I= 10^?2 mol·L^-1 NaCl

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