Enhancing comprehension of water vapor on adsorption performance of VOC on porous carbon materials and its application challenge

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1870-x

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (9) : 110 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1870-x

Enhancing comprehension of water vapor on adsorption performance of VOC on porous carbon materials and its application challenge

Xiaolong Yao^1,², Kuan Wan¹, Wenxin Yu¹, Zheng Liu³(

)

¹. School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
². State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
³. School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China

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Abstract

● Water vapor’s effect on VOC adsorption in various porous carbons was investigated.

● How adsorbent and adsorbate properties affect moist VOC adsorption was studied.

● The challenges of using carbon materials for moist VOC adsorption were addressed.

● Theoretical and technical guidance on efficiently purifying moist VOC gases is given.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) have been proven to cause considerable harm to both the ecological environment and human health. Anthropogenic VOC emissions are primarily generated by the industrial sector. The utilization of porous carbon as an adsorbent has emerged as an effective method for the efficient removal of VOC from industrial sources. However, during the actual production processes, VOC exhaust gases are often mixed with water vapor, which poses challenges for adsorption purification. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the remarkable advancements in various carbon materials in terms of their ability to adsorb both VOC and water vapor. Additionally, it systematically summarizes the influence of surface groups on adsorbents and the molecular properties of VOC on their adsorption by carbon materials. Furthermore, this review introduces the mechanism underlying adsorption-adsorbent interactions and discusses the construction of models for adsorbing water vapor and VOC. The challenges associated with the application of carbon materials for VOC adsorption in humid environments are also addressed. This review aims to offer theoretical and technical guidance for the effective purification of moist VOC waste gases emitted from industrial sources, thereby achieving precise control of VOC emissions.

Keywords Adsorption Water vapor Carbon-based adsorbents Surface functional groups VOC properties

Corresponding Author(s): Zheng Liu

Issue Date: 27 June 2024

Cite this article:

Xiaolong Yao,Kuan Wan,Wenxin Yu, et al. Enhancing comprehension of water vapor on adsorption performance of VOC on porous carbon materials and its application challenge[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(9): 110.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1870-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I9/110

Fig.1 Key technologies for mitigating emissions of VOC in end-of-pipe treatment of industrial settings.

Adsorbent	Adsorbates	Results	References
Pistachio shell-based activated carbon(PSAC)	Toluene, ethyl acetate	At RH of 80%, PSAC-2 demonstrated a sustained adsorption capacity of 92% and 87% for toluene and ethyl acetate, respectively, while PSAC-1 only retained 64% and 52% of its initial adsorption capacity for these compounds.	Cheng et al. (2022)
Microspheres of porous carbon foam derived from biomass	Xylene and ethyl acetate (EA)	The removal efficiencies of xylene and EA were 88.88% and 88.06%, respectively, at an RH of 30%, which were slightly higher compared to their removal efficiencies in a dry air environment (0% RH). However, as the RH increased further to 60% and 90%, the adsorption performance for xylene decreased to 73.89%, while that for EA decreased to 76.11%.	Sun et al. (2020)
Lignite-based activated carbon	Benzene	The influence of water molecules on the adsorption of benzene was minimal when the relative humidity was below 10%. Benzene permeates micropores and mesopores, while water molecules primarily adsorbed into mesopores.	Huang et al. (2020)
Coal-based activated carbon	Methylbenzene	The inhibitory impact of water vapor on low concentration VOC was more pronounced under high-humidity conditions.	Li et al. (2021a)
Biomass activated carbon	2-Propanol, acetone, n-Butanol, toluene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene	In the presence of 95% RH, the adsorption capacities of polar VOC, specifically 2-propanol and acetone, exhibited a reduction of 17.5% and 14.1%, respectively, compared to those under conditions with 0% RH. Conversely, the adsorption capacities of non-polar VOC, specifically n-butanol, toluene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene experienced decreases of 6.4%, 5.8%, and merely 0.2%, respectively.	Laskar et al. (2019a)
Commercially activated carbon	Benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, p-xylene and o-xylene	The adsorption capacity of commercially activated carbon for benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene decreased by 11.4%–15.4%, 13.2%, and 18.9%, respectively, with an increase in the water vapor content.	Ma et al. (2021)
single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCN)	Hexane, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexane, and toluene	During the competitive adsorption process, water molecules infiltrated into the interior of SWNTs before the infiltration of smaller nonpolar and polar organic molecules.	Agnihotri et al. (2008)
Oxidation-modified carbon nanotubes	BTEX	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, oxidized by NaOCl, exhibited the most favorable adsorption effect on BTEX compounds, followed by those treated with HNO₃ and H₂SO₄.	Su et al. (2010)
Carbon molecular sieve	CH₄	The introduction of water vapor did not affect the adsorption performance of CMS for CH₄.	Tsujiguchi et al. (2016)

Tab.1 Adsorption characteristics of various porous carbon adsorbents for VOC in moist environments

Fig.2 Adsorption performance of various porous carbon adsorbents for VOC in environments. Reprinted with premission from Agnihotri et al. (2008), Copyright 2008, American Chemical Society; Gao et al. (2016), Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry; and Li et al. (2020a), Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

Fig.3 The adsorption of VOC and water vapor adsorption on various functional groups present in porous carbon materials. (a) Oxygen-containing functional groups. Reprinted with premission from Meng et al. (2019), Copyright 2019, Springer Nature; (b) nitrogen-containing functional groups. Reprinted with premission from Du et al. (2020), Copyright 2020, Elsevier; (c) Sulfur-containing functional groups. Reprinted with premission from Zhu et al. (2019), Copyright 2019, Springer Nature; (d) Si-O-Si functional groups. Reprinted with premission from Wang et al. (2014), Copyright 2014, Elsevier.

Fig.4 The adsorption performance of the mixture gas of water vapor and VOC is influenced by the characteristics of the adsorbates. Reprinted with premission from Cheng et al. (2022), Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Fig.5 (a) Competitive adsorption process for binary mixture of xylene and EA. Reprinted with premission from Sun et al. (2020), Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons ; (b) 2D adsorbed-phase concentration distribution of 2-propanol during competitive adsorption with water vapor on BAC. Reprinted with premission from Huang et al. (2020), Copyright 2020, Elsevier; (c) Schematic of adsorption of the multicomponent mixture of methyl mercaptan, n-hexane and toluene under different relative humidity on activated carbon.

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