Orientation effect of electropolishing characteristics of 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

doi:10.1007/s11465-021-0633-7

Front. Mech. Eng.

2021, Vol. 16

Issue (3) : 580-592 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-021-0633-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Orientation effect of electropolishing characteristics of 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

Wei HAN¹, Fengzhou FANG^1,²(

)

¹. Centre of Micro/Nano manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
². State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Laboratory of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

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Abstract

3D metal printing process has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to advantages, such as flexibility and rapid prototyping. This study aims to investigate the orientation effect of electropolishing characteristics on different surfaces of 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), considering that the rough surface of 3D printed parts is a key factor limiting its applications in the industry. The electropolishing characteristics on the different surfaces corresponding to the building orientation in selective laser melting are studied. Experimental results show that electrolyte temperature has critical importance on the electropolishing, especially for the vertical direction to the layering plane. The finish of electropolished surfaces is affected by the defects generated during L-PBF process. Thus, the electropolished vertical surface has higher surface roughness Sa than the horizontal surface. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra show that the electropolished horizontal surface has higher Cr/Fe element ratio than the vertical surface. The electropolished horizontal surface presents higher corrosion resistance than the vertical surface by measuring the anodic polarization curves and fitting the equivalent circuit of experimental electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Keywords electropolishing laser powder bed fusion 316L stainless steel corrosion resistance microstructure

Corresponding Author(s): Fengzhou FANG

Just Accepted Date: 30 April 2021 Online First Date: 28 May 2021 Issue Date: 24 September 2021

Cite this article:

Wei HAN,Fengzhou FANG. Orientation effect of electropolishing characteristics of 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion[J]. Front. Mech. Eng., 2021, 16(3): 580-592.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fme/EN/10.1007/s11465-021-0633-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fme/EN/Y2021/V16/I3/580

Fig.1 Experimental setup used for the electropolishing and electrochemical analysis.

Fig.2 Schematic of the laser powder bed fusion of 316L SS.

Fig.3 Polarization curves of different plans at the electrolyte temperature of (a) 28 °C and (b) 66 °C. The stirrer speed was 667 r/min, and the scan rate of the polarization curve was 20 mV/s.

Fig.4 Current density transients with different plans at the electrolyte temperature of 28 °C and 66 °C. The stirrer speed was 667 r/min, and the applied potential was 2 V.

Fig.5 Electropolished horizontal and vertical surface with the electrolyte temperature of 66 °C. The applied potential was 2 V, and the stirrer speed was 667 r/min. The electropolishing duration was 1200 s. Optical microscope image of the electropolished (a) horizontal and (b) vertical surfaces; contour image of the electropolished (c) horizontal and (d) vertical surfaces; and topography of the electropolished (e) horizontal and (f) vertical surfaces. The ellipse and square indicate the process-related defects and gas-related defects, respectively.

Fig.6 Defects observed on the (a) horizontal and (b) vertical surfaces after grinding and mechanical polishing.

Fig.7 Electropolished surface roughness Sa from the horizontal and vertical surfaces with the electrolyte temperatures of (a) 28 °C and (b) 66 °C.

Fig.8 XPS survey spectra of the electropolished different surfaces with the electrolyte temperature of 66 °C.

Tab.1 Chemical compositions of the different electropolished 316L SS surfaces with the electrolyte temperature of 66 °C

Fig.9 High-resolution XPS spectra of chromium and iron on different electropolished surfaces. (a) High-resolution spectra of Cr; (b) high-resolution spectra of Fe.

Fig.10 Area percentages of Fe₂O₃ and FeOOH composition in the high-resolution XPS spectra of iron.

Fig.11 High-resolution spectra of oxygen on electropolished (a) horizontal and (b) vertical surfaces

Fig.12 Open circuit potentials (OCPs) of the electropolished horizontal and vertical surface measured in the 3 mol/L NaCl solution.

Fig.13 Anodic polarization scans of the electropolished horizontal and vertical surfaces measured in the 3 mol/L NaCl solution. The potential range for the anodic polarization scanning was −600 to 400 mV, and the scan rate was 1 mV/s.

Fig.14 EIS plots of the electropolished horizontal and vertical surface measured in the NaCl solution. The frequency range was from 100 kHz to 0.1 Hz. The AC amplitude of the applied sinusoidal signal was±10 mV rms. (a) EIS Nyquist plots; (b) EIS Bode plots.

Fig.15 Electrical equivalent circuit diagram used for EIS spectra fitting.

Tab.2 Fitting results of the electrical equivalent circuit.

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