Graphene-based all-optical modulators

doi:10.1007/s12200-020-1020-4

Front. Optoelectron.

2020, Vol. 13

Issue (2) : 114-128 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1020-4

REVIEW ARTICLE

Graphene-based all-optical modulators

Chuyu ZHONG^1,², Junying LI³, Hongtao LIN^1,²(

)

¹. Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Electronics and Smart System of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
². School of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
³. College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

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Abstract

All-optical devices, which are utilized to process optical signals without electro-optical conversion, play an essential role in the next generation ultrafast, ultralow power-consumption optical information processing systems. To satisfy the performance requirement, nonlinear optical materials that are associated with fast response, high nonlinearity, broad wavelength operation, low optical loss, low fabrication cost, and integration compatibility with optical components are required. Graphene is a promising candidate, particularly considering its electrically or optically tunable optical properties, ultrafast large nonlinearity, and high integration compatibility with various nanostructures. Thus far, three all-optical modulation systems utilize graphene, namely free-space modulators, fiber-based modulators, and on-chip modulators. This paper aims to provide a broad view of state-of-the-art researches on the graphene-based all-optical modulation systems. The performances of different devices are reviewed and compared to present a comprehensive analysis and perspective of graphene-based all-optical modulation devices.

Keywords graphene saturable absorption low power consumption all-optical modulation

Corresponding Author(s): Hongtao LIN

Just Accepted Date: 27 May 2020 Online First Date: 28 June 2020 Issue Date: 21 July 2020

Cite this article:

Chuyu ZHONG,Junying LI,Hongtao LIN. Graphene-based all-optical modulators[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2020, 13(2): 114-128.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-020-1020-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2020/V13/I2/114

Fig.1 Mechanisms and corresponding response time of referenced graphene-based AOMs. The modulation of complex refractive index ñ can be concluded into the modulation of the real part of refractive index (n for phase modulation) and imaginary part of refractive index (kfor amplitude modulation)

Fig.2 Evolution of carriers in graphene from the optical excitation state to the equilibrium state. Reproduced from Ref. [¹⁰⁸]

Fig.3 (a) Illustration of the structure and modulation configuration of the graphene on silicon (GOS) AOM. The inset at the bottom illustrates the spatial dependence of the THz beam power along with the device when the modulation beam is switched on. (b) Modulation depth versus signal power of the GOS modulator. (c) Schematic of the experimental configuration used for the modulation measurements of the graphene on germanium (GOG) AOM. (d) Modulated THz signal under different modulation frequencies of the GOG modulator. (e) Experimental setup and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a graphene-cladding silicon photonic crystal cavity modulator. The probe light is a narrow-band tunable semiconductor laser with a wavelength around 1550 nm, and the control laser is a 1064 nm laser. (f) Resonance wavelength variation with the control laser power of the modulator in (e). Reproduced from Refs. [⁸⁹,⁹⁰,¹¹³]

Fig.4 (a) Schematic illustration or microscope image of broadband all-optical modulation using a PDMS-supported-graphene/microfiber/MgF₂ structure. Intensity variations of the probe signal with the input pump power when (b) the input probe power is fixed at 2.5 mW and (c) the input pump power is fixed at 512 mW. (d) Schematic illustration of the GCM. (e) Differential transmittance of the probe light as a function of the pump–probe time delay showing a response time of approximately 2.2 ps. The inset shows the dependence of the modulation depth on the pump intensity. Schematic diagram of (f) the stereo graphene–microfiber structure, where graphene was first wrapped on a rod followed by the microfiber; (g) the graphene-decorated microfiber with a pile of graphene flakes in the surrounding space and the evanescent field. Reproduced from Refs. [¹⁰⁴,¹¹⁴–¹¹⁶]

Fig.5 (a) Optical microscopic image of the tapered graphene-coated microfiber and schematic of the measurement setup. (b) Microscope image of graphene on the microfiber resonator and the graphene-coated region is annotated by the white curve. (c) Schematic diagram of GCM-based AOMs based on an all-fiber MZI. (d) Schematic and cross-sectional view of the polyvinyl butyral (PVB)-covered graphene on a partly-polished fiber AOM. The longitudinal cross-section shows detailed layers of the device. (e) Structural diagram of the as-grown graphene on a D-shaped fiber, and the FWM process shows two newly generated signals (ω₃ and ω₄). Reproduced from Refs. [⁸⁴,⁸⁵,⁹²,¹¹⁸,¹¹⁹]

Fig.6 (a) Three-dimensional schematic illustration of a graphene/silicon/silica hybrid nanophotonic waveguide. The probe light is coupled using grating couplers, and the pump light is emitted from the top of the sample. (b) Dynamic responses of the output power for the TE and TM modes of hybrid nanophotonic wires with a local pump light. (c) Schematic diagram of the graphene-on-Si₃N₄ all-optical device. (d) Temporal response of the output probe pulse. Inset: average temperature change. (e) Schematic illustration of the graphene–silicon heterojunction modulator with the signal coupled by grating couplers and pump light illuminating from the free space. (f) Comparative performance of GSH and pure silicon AOMs at different modulation laser powers. (g) Schematic illustration of the graphene–plasmonic slot-waveguide AOM. (h) Modulation efficiency with respect to the modulation power. Reproduced from Refs. [⁸⁶,¹²¹–¹²³]

Fig.7 (a) Schematic of the graphene-loaded metal–insulator–metal (MIM)-waveguide (WG). Cross-sectional side view of the MIM-WG. Calculated field profile of the eigenmode of the graphene-loaded MIM-WG. The air slot width (w_slot) is 30 nm, and the Au thickness (t_Au) is 20 nm. The scale bar is 20 nm. (b) Left: results of the pump–probe measurement. (Red circles) All-optical switching in the bilayer-graphene-loaded MIM-WG. (Blue circles) The autocorrelation of the input pulse. The input pulse width was 210 fs. (Solid black line) The Gaussian fit of the pump–probe signal. The control and signal pulse energies were 35 and 1.3 fJ, respectively, in the input silicon-wire WG. The pump–probe signals predicted from t_pulse (210 fs) and the relaxation time of the graphene carrier, t, are also shown, where two Gaussian functions (FWHM= 210 fs) and a single exponential decay function (t from 100 fs to 1 ps) are convoluted. The magenta, orange-yellow, green, and light blue lines are for t = 100 fs, 200 fs, 300 fs, 500 fs, and 1 ps, respectively. Right: control pulse energy dependence of the extinction ratio for the bilayer-graphene-loaded MIM-WG. Reproduced from Ref. [¹]

Tab.1 Performance matrix of the state-of-the-art graphene-based AOMs

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