Characterization of two distinctly different mineral-related proteins from the teeth of the Camarodont sea urchin <italic>Lytechinus variegatus</italic>: Specificity of function with relation to mineralization

doi:10.1007/s11706-009-0032-1

Front Mater Sci Chin

2009, Vol. 3

Issue (2) : 163-168 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-009-0032-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Characterization of two distinctly different mineral-related proteins from the teeth of the Camarodont sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: Specificity of function with relation to mineralization

A. VEIS¹(

), K. ALVARES¹, S. N. DIXIT¹, J. S. ROBACH¹, S. R. STOCK²

1. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; 2. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

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Abstract

The majority of the mineral phase of the Lytechinus variegatus tooth is comprised of magnesium containing calcite crystal elements, collectively arranged so that they appear as a single crystal under polarized light, as well as under X-ray or electron irradiation. However, the crystal elements are small, and in spite of the common alignment of their crystal axes, are not the same size or shape in different parts of the tooth. The toughness of the tooth structure arises from the fact that it is a composite in which the crystals are coated with surface layers of organic matter that probably act to inhibit crack formation and elongation. In the growth region the organic components represent a greater part of the tooth structure. In the most heavily mineralized adoral region the primary plates fuse with inter-plate pillars. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy; TOF-SIMS mapping of the characteristic amino acids of the mineral related proteins; and isolation and characterization of the mineral-protected protein we report that the late-forming inter-plate pillars had more than a three-fold greater Mg content than the primary plates. Furthermore, the aspartic acid content of the mineral-related protein was highest in the high Mg pillars whereas the mineral-protected protein of the primary plates was richer in glutamic acid content.These results suggest that the Asp-rich protein(s) is important for formation of the late developing inter-plate pillars that fuse the primary plates and increase the stiffness of the most mature tooth segment. Supported by NIDCR Grant DE R01-01374 to AV.

Keywords sea urchin tooth mineral-related proteins high magnesium calcite TOF-SIMS SEM

Corresponding Author(s): VEIS A.,Email:aveis@northwestern.edu

Issue Date: 05 June 2009

Cite this article:

A. VEIS,K. ALVARES,S. N. DIXIT, et al. Characterization of two distinctly different mineral-related proteins from the teeth of the Camarodont sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus: Specificity of function with relation to mineralization[J]. Front Mater Sci Chin, 2009, 3(2): 163-168.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-009-0032-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2009/V3/I2/163

Fig.1 Fracture surface in primary plate region (Arrows show both narrow channels and wide spaces for syncytial contents and cell nuclei)

Fig.2 Isolated prisms from the keel (showing columns on the surface)

Fig.3 SEM and TOF-SIMS images of the complex of primary plates PP, stone part St and needles N in the center of a mature, mineralized . tooth. The top row of images shows the same area: Mg map (left), Asp map (center), SEM image (right). The horizontal white line crosses the same plane in both panels. The other white lines depict the stone part boundaries. SIMS maps of areas A and B (SEM) are shown in middle and bottom panels, respectively, with Mg at the left and Asp in the middle. The panels in green (right) represent colocalization of Mg and Asp using the NIH Image J procedures.

Fig.4 Protein sequence of UTMP19 (---- Identity with . P19; the red solid bar designates NLS, nuclear localization sequence; the red dashed lines NES, nuclear exit signals.)

Fig.5 The protein sequence of UTMP16L

Fig.6 Calcium binding property of isolated UTMP19, Lane 1, and UTMP16, Lane 2. Protein immobilized on nitrocellulose.

Fig.7 Mineralization “front” for plate formation (tip of arrow), early in tooth development. Stained with anti-DMP2 (red fluorescence). Black areas show new mineral crystals.

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