Review of the role of ionic liquids in two-dimensional materials

doi:10.1007/s11467-023-1258-6

Front. Phys.

2023, Vol. 18

Issue (4) : 43601 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1258-6

TOPICAL REVIEW

Review of the role of ionic liquids in two-dimensional materials

Na Sa¹, Meng Wu¹(

), Hui-Qiong Wang^1,²(

)

¹. Engineering Research Center of Micro-nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education; Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, CI Center for OSED, and Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
². Department of Physics, and Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia

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Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs) are expected to be used as readily available “designer” solvents, characterized by a number of tunable properties that can be obtained by modulating anion and cation combinations and ion chain lengths. Among them, its high ionicity is outstanding in the preparation and property modulation of two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this review, we mainly focus on the ILs-assisted exfoliation of 2D materials towards large-scale as well as functionalization. Meanwhile, electric-field controlled ILs-gating of 2D material systems have shown novel electronic, magnetic, optical and superconducting properties, attracting a broad range of scientific research activities. Moreover, ILs have also been extensively applied in various field practically. We summarize the recent developments of ILs modified 2D material systems from the electrochemical, solar cells and photocatalysis aspects, discuss their advantages and possibilities as “designer solvent”. It is believed that the design of ILs accompanying with diverse 2D materials will not only solve several scientific problems but also enrich materials design and engineer of 2D materials.

Keywords ionic liquids two-dimensional materials liquid phase exfoliation ionic liquid-gating electrochemical capacitors solar cells photocatalysis

Corresponding Author(s): Meng Wu,Hui-Qiong Wang

About author:

Changjian Wang and Zhiying Yang contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 23 February 2023

Cite this article:

Na Sa,Meng Wu,Hui-Qiong Wang. Review of the role of ionic liquids in two-dimensional materials[J]. Front. Phys. , 2023, 18(4): 43601.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.1007/s11467-023-1258-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/Y2023/V18/I4/43601

Fig.1 Frequently used cations and anions in IL. ILs usually consist of N,N-dialkylimidazolium cations (such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium [BMIM] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [EMIM]), and anions (hexafluorophosphate [PF₆], tetrafluoroborate [BF₄] and bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([TFSI] or [NTf₂])).

Fig.2 Direct exfoliation of natural graphite into graphene sheets with micrometer size used [BMIM]-[Tf₂N] IL. Panel (a) and (b) correspond to a monolayer graphene with folded edges and a bilayer graphene, respectively, Reprinted with permission from Ref. [76], Copyright © 2010 Chemical Communications. (c) Schematic view of (P[VBTP][Cl]) and (P[VimBu][Br]) PIL promoted solvent-borne efficient exfoliation of MoS₂/MoSe₂ nanosheets for dual-responsive dispersion and polymer nanocomposites. Owing to the solubility in both water and organic solvents, cationic PIL molecules serve the dual purposes of an exfoliating-cum-stabilizing agent. PIL-stabilized nanosheets’ dispersions are stable for more than two months at ambient temperature. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [79], Copyright © 2017 ACS. (d) Thermally responsive polymeric ILs (TRPIL) act as surfactants to aid the efficient exfoliation and the non-covalent functionalization of exfoliating of MoS₂, graphite, and h-BN. Due to the thermally responsive phase transition behavior of TRPIIL, the dispersion stability of the exfoliated nanosheet suspensions can be reversibly tuned by temperature. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [83], Copyright © 2018 ACS.

Fig.3 (a) Top-gate FETs fabricated on CNT arrays use IL-gating to maintain low room temperature subthreshold fluctuations of <90 mV per decade. Left is the transfer characteristics of a typical FET with L_ch = 290 nm. Right shows the statistic SS distribution of 30 IL-gated devices. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [104], Copyright © 2020 Science. (b) Schematic view of an ionic-liquid gated MoTe₂ FET with reversible bipolar transmission (left). I and D mark the features corresponding to absorption due to indirect and direct optical transitions (right). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [105], Copyright © 2014 2D Materials. (c) Comparisons of typical ambipolar transfer curves of MoS₂, MoSe₂ and MoTe₂ EDLTs measured with V_DS?=?0.1?V at 220?K, which exhibit novel superconductivity phase by ionic gating. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [107], Copyright © 2015 Scientific Reports. (d) Temperature dependence of the longitudinal sheet resistance and the sheet Hall coefficient at selected gate voltages. IL-gating allows the reversible regulations between superconductivity and CDW order in NbSe₂ with variations of the superconducting transition temperature up to ~50 %. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [113], Copyright © 2016 Physical Review Letters. (e) T-dependence of the specific capacitance C_i. The IL-f InSe FET manifests an appreciable C_i peak that reaches 550 nF/cm² at T = 195 K (left) and schematics illustrating of the intersystem Coulomb interaction-induced self-gating and electrostatic potential profile in the liquid (middle) and rubber phases (right), respectively. φ illustrates the spatial profile of electrostatic potential in InSe. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [115], Copyright © 2022 Nano Letters.

Fig.4 (a) The CNG surface was subjected to wetting by the IL electrolyte for contact angle testing, and the CNG showed a more hydrophilic surface with a contact angle of 20° (right) (compared to 69° (left) for the GS) allowing wetting of previously inaccessible pores. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [163], Copyright © 2015 ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. (b) The preparation schematic of IL pre-intercalated MXene films for ionogel-based flexible micro-supercapacitors with high volumetric energy density. The XRD patterns show the intercalated MXene film with enhanced interlayer spacing of 1.45 nm. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [183], Copyright © 2019 Journal of Materials Chemistry A. (c) Alkylammonium (AA) cations with different chain lengths were intercalated into Ti₃C₂T_x, producing different degrees of MXene interlayer spacing (d-spacing). Compared with the pristine Ti₃C₂T_x, the AA cation intercalated Ti₃C₂T_x (Ti₃C₂-AA) exhibits higher specific capacitance and cycling stability. Top image shown a schematic for the preparation of Ti₃C₂T_x-AA and intercalation of EMIM⁺. And SEM images of (left) pristine Ti₃C₂T_x and (right) alkylammonium cations intercalated Ti₃C₂T_x materials. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [185], Copyright © 2021 Advanced Functional Materials. (d) The modification with imidazolium-based ILs protected the sensitive Ti₃C₂T_x from degradation, significantly improved the chemical stability of Ti₃C₂T_x in aqueous solution, shown as the TEM images and the corresponding SAED pattern of fresh MXene (left) and IL-MXene flakes (right). IL can postpone the degradation of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene sheets in aqueous solution. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [187], Copyright © 2021 Chemical Engineering Journal. (e) The solid-state superionic conductor was obtained by incorporating IL into MOF. The hybrid shows the highest room temperature conductivity (4.4 × 10⁻³ S·cm⁻¹) among the IL-inorporated MOF hybrids reported so far. Schematic of solid-state superionic conductor and room temperature conductivity of IL-inorporated MOF hybrid. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [189], Copyright © 2019 Angewandte Chemie-International Edition.

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