HOTSPOTS OF NUTRIENT LOSSES TO AIR AND WATER: AN INTEGRATED MODELING APPROACH FOR EUROPEAN RIVER BASINS

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2023526

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Aslıhan URAL-JANSSEN^1,⁴(

), Carolien KROEZE², Jan Peter LESSCHEN³, Erik MEERS⁴, Peter J.T.M. VAN PUIJENBROEK⁵, Maryna STROKAL¹

¹. Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
². Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
³. Wageningen Environmental Research, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
⁴. Laboratory of Bioresource Recovery (RE-SOURCE LAB), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
⁵. PBL, The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 30314, 2500, GH The Hague, the Netherlands

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Abstract

● A new MARINA-Nutrients model was developed to assess air and water pollution in Europe.

● Agriculture is responsible for 55% of N and sewage for 67% of P in rivers.

● Almost two-fifths of reactive N emissions to air are from animal housing and storage.

● Nearly a third of the basin area produces over half of N emissions to air and nutrients in rivers.

● Over 25% of river export of N ends up in the Atlantic Ocean and P in the Mediterranean Sea.

Nutrient pollution of air and water is a persistent problem in Europe. However, the pollution sources are often analyzed separately, preventing the formulation of integrative solutions. This study aimed to quantify the contribution of agriculture to air, river and coastal water pollution by nutrients. A new MARINA-Nutrients model was developed for Europe to calculate inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to land and rivers, N emissions to air, and nutrient export to seas by river basins. Under current practice, inputs of N and P to land were 34.4 and 1.8 Tg·yr^–1, respectively. However, only 12% of N and 3% of P reached the rivers. Agriculture was responsible for 55% of N and sewage for 67% of P in rivers. Reactive N emissions to air from agriculture were calculated at 4.0 Tg·yr^–1. Almost two-fifths of N emissions to air were from animal housing and storage. Nearly a third of the basin area was considered as pollution hotspots and generated over half of N emissions to air and nutrient pollution in rivers. Over 25% of river export of N ended up in the Atlantic Ocean and of P in the Mediterranean Sea. These results could support environmental policies to reduce both air and water pollution simultaneously, and avoid pollution swapping.

Keywords agriculture air-water modeling European rivers nutrient pollution sewage systems source attribution

Corresponding Author(s): Aslıhan URAL-JANSSEN

Online First Date: 01 December 2023

Cite this article:

Aslıhan URAL-JANSSEN,Carolien KROEZE,Jan Peter LESSCHEN, et al. HOTSPOTS OF NUTRIENT LOSSES TO AIR AND WATER: AN INTEGRATED MODELING APPROACH FOR EUROPEAN RIVER BASINS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 01 December 2023. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023526.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2023526
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y/V/I/0

Fig.1 Framework of the new MARINA-Nutrients model for Europe. NUTS2: Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics level 2^[²⁸^]. N emissions to air are ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides (NO_x).

Fig.2 Nutrient losses to air and waters by the European basins (审图号: GS 京 (2023) 2266 号). (a) Reactive N emissions to air by basin (kg·km^–2·yr^–1 N). (b) Inputs of total dissolved N (TDN) to rivers by basin (kg·km^–2·yr^–1 N). (c) Inputs of total dissolved P (TDP) to rivers by basin (kg·km^–2·yr^–1 P). Groups I–V were defined based on the pollution levels (20% of basins for each group) for N losses to air, and N and P losses to rivers by basins. (d) Combined map of N emissions to air, inputs of TDN and TDP to rivers (kg·km^–2·yr^–1 N or P).

Fig.3 Measured versus modeled river exports of dissolved inorganic N (DIN), dissolved organic N (DON), total dissolved N (TDN), dissolved inorganic P (DIP), dissolved organic P (DOP) and total dissolved P (TDP) to the European seas (lg scale; kg·yr⁻¹). Each dot represents an individual river mouth for 58 rivers. Measured loads indicate all the observed data (average per year) at or close to the river mouths in various years in 1990–2017 (Table S7 for details). Modeled nutrient loads are annual river exports of nutrients at the river mouths in 2017–2020.

Fig.4 (a) Relative contribution of sources to inputs of total dissolved N (TDN) to rivers per discharge sea (%). (b) Relative contribution of sources to inputs of total dissolved P (TDP) to rivers per discharge sea (%). In legend, fertilizer means synthetic fertilizers applied; manure means that applied on agricultural land from stables and deposited on land during grazing; others (diffuse, ant) means other diffuse anthropogenic sources of N (i.e., atmospheric deposition and organic matter leaching over agricultural areas, and biological N₂ fixation by crops) and P (i.e., atmospheric deposition, organic matter leaching and P weathering over agricultural areas) in rivers; others (diffuse, nat) means other diffuse non-agricultural sources of N (i.e., atmospheric deposition and organic matter leaching over non-agricultural areas, and biological N₂ fixation by natural vegetation) and P (i.e., organic matter leaching and P weathering over non-agricultural areas) in rivers; and sewage systems means effluent from wastewater treatment plants.

Fig.5 River export of total dissolved N (TDN) per basin (kg·km^–2·yr^–1 N) (审图号: GS 京 (2023) 2266 号). Groups I to V were defined based on the pollution levels (20% of basins for each group) for TDN export by basins. Doughnut pie charts indicate the river exports of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and dissolved organic N (DON) (inner doughnut), and their source attribution (outer doughnut) in percentages. Numbers in doughnut pie charts represent the river export of TDN to each sea (Gg·yr^-–1 N). Numbers in the legend indicate the color codes for source attribution. In this figure, ant means for anthropogenic sources of N in seas; nat means non-agricultural sources of N in seas; and uncon means wastewater from population not connected to sewage systems.

Fig.6 River export of total dissolved P (TDP) per basin (kg·km^–2·yr^–1 P) (审图号: GS 京 (2023) 2266 号). Groups I to V were defined based on the pollution levels (20% of basins for each group) for river export of TDP by basins. Doughnut pie charts indicate the dissolved inorganic P (DIP) and dissolved organic P (DOP) exports (inner doughnut), and their source attribution (outer doughnut) in percentages. Numbers in doughnut pie charts represent the river export of TDP to each sea (Gg·yr^-–1 P). Numbers in the legend indicate the color codes for the source attribution. See Fig. 5 for details of abbreviations.

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