GREENHOUSE GAS AND AMMONIA EMISSION MITIGATION PRIORITIES FOR UK POLICY TARGETS

doi:10.15302/J-FASE-2023495

NEWS & VIEWS

Sarah BUCKINGHAM¹(

), Cairistiona F. E. TOPP¹, Pete SMITH², Vera EORY¹, David R. CHADWICK³, Christina K. BAXTER⁴, Joanna M. CLOY¹, Shaun CONNOLLY⁵, Emily C. COOLEDGE³, Nicholas J. COWAN⁶, Julia DREWER⁶, Colm DUFFY⁷, Naomi J. FOX¹, Asma JEBARI⁸, Becky JENKINS⁹, Dominika J. KROL¹⁰, Karina A. MARSDEN³, Graham A. MCAULIFFE⁸, Steven J. MORRISON¹¹, Vincent O'FLAHERTY⁵, Rachael RAMSEY¹, Karl G. RICHARDS¹⁰, Rainer ROEHE¹, Jo SMITH², Kate SMITH⁴, Taro TAKAHASHI^8,¹², Rachel E. THORMAN⁴, John WILLIAMS⁴, Jeremy WILTSHIRE⁹, Robert M. REES¹

¹. Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
². Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
³. School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
⁴. Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (ADAS), Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN, UK
⁵. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
⁶. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
⁷. The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
⁸. Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
⁹. Ricardo Energy & Environment, Harwell, Oxon, OX11 0QR, UK
¹⁰. Environment, Soils and Land Use Department, Teagasc, County Wexford, Y35 TC97, Ireland
¹¹. Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, County Down, BT26 6DR, UK
¹². Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Somerset, BS40 5DU, UK

Download: PDF(842 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

● An expert survey highlighted the most effective strategies for GHG and ammonia mitigation.

● Interventions considered to have the highest mitigation potential are discussed.

● Experts agreed that no single mitigation measure can uniquely deliver GHG and ammonia mitigation.

● Experts noted a need for further investment in research, knowledge exchange, education and to develop implementation pathways.

● There is a need for more data to better quantify mitigation potentials and implement effective management strategies.

Agriculture is essential for providing food and maintaining food security while concurrently delivering multiple other ecosystem services. However, agricultural systems are generally a net source of greenhouse gases and ammonia. They, therefore, need to substantively contribute to climate change mitigation and net zero ambitions. It is widely acknowledged that there is a need to further reduce and mitigate emissions across sectors, including agriculture to address the climate emergency and emissions gap. This discussion paper outlines a collation of opinions from a range of experts within agricultural research and advisory roles following a greenhouse gas and ammonia emission mitigation workshop held in the UK in March 2022. The meeting identified the top mitigation priorities within the UK’s agricultural sector to achieve reductions in greenhouse gases and ammonia that are compatible with policy targets. In addition, experts provided an overview of what they believe are the key knowledge gaps, future opportunities and co-benefits to mitigation practices as well as indicating the potential barriers to uptake for mitigation scenarios discussed.

Keywords agriculture ammonia greenhouse gas mitigation net zero

Corresponding Author(s): Sarah BUCKINGHAM

About author:

*These authors equally shared correspondence to this manuscript.

Just Accepted Date: 04 April 2023 Online First Date: 06 May 2023

Cite this article:

Sarah BUCKINGHAM,Cairistiona F. E. TOPP,Pete SMITH, et al. GREENHOUSE GAS AND AMMONIA EMISSION MITIGATION PRIORITIES FOR UK POLICY TARGETS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 06 May 2023. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023495.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2023495
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y/V/I/0

Tab.1 Ranking of GHG mitigation strategies suggested by the survey respondents

1	Statistics National . 2020 UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Final Figures. National Statistics, 2022
2	Kingdom Government United . Climate Change Act 2008 (2050 Target Amendment) Order 2019. Committee on Climate Change, 2022
3	Committee on Climate Change The . Land Use: Policies for a Net Zero UK. Committee on Climate Change, 2020
4	V, Eory M, MacLeod C F E, Topp R M, Rees J, Webb A, McVittie E, Wall F, Borthwick C A, Watson A, Waterhouse J, Wiltshire H, Bell D, Moran R J Dewhurst . Review and update the UK Agriculture Marginal Abatement Cost Curve to assess the greenhouse gas abatement potential for the 5th carbon budget period and to 2050: final report submitted for the project contract “Provision of services to review and update the UK agriculture MACC and to assess abatement potential for the 5th carbon budget period and to 2050”. Prepared for the Climate Change Committee, 2015
5	Kingdom Government United . Mapping Carbon Emissions & Removals for the Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sector. Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC) of UK, 2010
6	C, Stark M, Thompson T, Andrew G, Beasley O, Bellamy P, Budden C, Cole J, Darke E, Davies D, Feliciano A, Gault A, Goater R, Hay M, Hemsley J, Hill D, Joffe E, Kmietowicz Farias Letti B, de S, Livermore C, Mackenzie R, Millar C, Nemo V, Scott A, Scudo I, Thillainathan E Vause . Net Zero: The UK’s Contribution to Stopping Global Warming. UK Committee on Climate Change, 2019
7	Change Committee Climate . Progress in Reducing Emissions: 2022 Report to UK Parliament. Climate Change Committee, 2022
8	T H, Misselbrook S L Gilhespy . Inventory of Ammonia Emissions from UK Agriculture 2020. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 2022
9	Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) National . Pollutant Information: Ammonia. Available at NAEI website on Augest 20, 2022,
10	for Environment Department . Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Code of Good Agricultural Practice (COGAP) for Reducing Ammonia Emissions. DEFRA, 2018
11	C J, Bracken G J, Lanigan K G, Richards C, Müller S R, Tracy J, Grant D J, Krol H, Sheridan M B, Lynch C, Grace R, Fritch P N C Murphy . Sward composition and soil moisture conditions affect nitrous oxide emissions and soil nitrogen dynamics following urea-nitrogen application. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 722: 137780 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137780 pmid: 32208244
12	S, Cummins J A, Finn K G, Richards G J, Lanigan G, Grange C, Brophy L M, Cardenas T H, Misselbrook C K, Reynolds D J Krol . Beneficial effects of multi-species mixtures on N2O emissions from intensively managed grassland swards. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 792: 148163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148163 pmid: 34147803
13	W, Burchill D, Li G J, Lanigan M, Williams J Humphreys . Interannual variation in nitrous oxide emissions from perennial ryegrass/white clover grassland used for dairy production. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(10): 3137–3146 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12595 pmid: 24706411
14	P, Phelan I A, Casey J Humphreys . The effect of target postgrazing height on sward clover content, herbage yield, and dairy production from grass-white clover pasture. Journal of Dairy Science, 2013, 96(3): 1598–1611 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5936 pmid: 23332838
15	G A, McAuliffe T, Takahashi R J, Orr P, Harris M R F Lee . Distributions of emissions intensity for individual beef cattle reared on pasture-based production systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 171: 1672–1680 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.113 pmid: 29333000
16	Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International . 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC, 2006
17	D, Abalos T F, Rittl S, Recous P, Thiébeau C F E, Topp Groenigen K J, van K, Butterbach-Bahl R E, Thorman K E, Smith I, Ahuja J E, Olesen M A, Bleken R M, Rees S Hansen . Predicting field N2O emissions from crop residues based on their biochemical composition: a meta-analytical approach. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 812: 152532 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152532 pmid: 34952057
18	Fertiliser Association (IFA) International . Reducing Emissions from Fertilizer Use Report. IFA, 2022
19	M, Eugène K, Klumpp D Sauvant . Methane mitigating options with forages fed to ruminants. Grass and Forage Science, 2021, 76(2): 196–204 https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12540
20	E C, Cooledge D R, Chadwick L M, Smith J R, Leake D L Jones . Agronomic and environmental benefits of reintroducing herb- and legume-rich multispecies leys into arable rotations: a review. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 2022, 9(2): 245–271
21	N P, Mkhonza N N, Buthelezi-Dube P Muchaonyerwa . Effects of lime application on nitrogen and phosphorus availability in humic soils. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1): 8634 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65501-3 pmid: 32451407
22	O, Žurovec D P, Wall F P, Brennan D J, Krol P J, Forrestal K G Richards . Increasing soil pH reduces fertiliser derived N2O emissions in intensively managed temperate grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2021, 311: 107319 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107319
23	A W, Gebremichael D P, Wall R M, O’Neill D J, Krol F, Brennan G, Lanigan K G Richards . Effect of contrasting phosphorus levels on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from temperate grassland soils. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1): 2602 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06661-2 pmid: 35173248
24	X, Tang C, Zhang Y, Yu J, Shen der Werf W, van F Zhang . Intercropping legumes and cereals increases phosphorus use efficiency; a meta-analysis. Plant and Soil, 2021, 460(1−2): 89−104
25	N J, Baggaley A J, Britton F, Sandison A, Lilly M, Stutter R M, Rees M, Reed S Buckingham . Understanding Carbon Sequestration from Nature-based Solutions. ClimateXChange Publications, 2022
26	M, Abdalla A, Hastings K, Cheng Q, Yue D, Chadwick M, Espenberg J, Truu R M, Rees P Smith . A critical review of the impacts of cover crops on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balance and crop productivity. Global Change Biology, 2019, 25(8): 2530–2543 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14644 pmid: 30955227
27	I Newton . The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis, 2004, 146(4): 579–600 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00375.x
28	A, Lüscher I, Mueller-Harvey J F, Soussana R M, Rees J L Peyraud . Potential of legume-based grassland-livestock systems in Europe: a review. Grass and Forage Science, 2014, 69(2): 206–228 https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12124 pmid: 26300574
29	J, Norton Y Ouyang . Controls and adaptive management of nitrification in agricultural soils. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019, 10: 1931 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01931 pmid: 31543867
30	M, Klimczyk A, Siczek L Schimmelpfennig . Improving the efficiency of urea-based fertilization leading to reduction in ammonia emission. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 771: 145483 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145483 pmid: 33736136
31	C, Zhang X, Song Y, Zhang D, Wang R M, Rees X Ju . Using nitrification inhibitors and deep placement to tackle the trade-offs between NH3 and N2O emissions in global croplands. Global Change Biology, 2022, 28(14): 4409–4422 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16198 pmid: 35429205
32	N, Cowan E, Carnell U, Skiba U, Dragosits J, Drewer P Levy . Nitrous oxide emission factors of mineral fertilisers in the UK and Ireland: a Bayesian analysis of 20 years of experimental data. Environment International, 2020, 135: 105366 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105366 pmid: 31862638
33	K L, McGeough C J, Watson C, Müller R J, Laughlin D R Chadwick . Evidence that the efficacy of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) is affected by soil properties in UK soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2016, 94: 222–232 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.11.017
34	States Department for Agriculture (USDA) United . New Zealand Dairy Industry Responds to Product Contaminant Issue. USDA, 2013
35	A, Ray C, Nkwonta P, Forrestal M, Danaher K, Richards T, O’Callaghan S, Hogan E Cummins . Current knowledge on urease and nitrification inhibitors technology and their safety. Reviews on Environmental Health, 2021, 36(4): 477–491 https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0088 pmid: 34821117
36	A M, Duff P, Forrestal I, Ikoyi F Brennan . Assessing the long-term impact of urease and nitrification inhibitor use on microbial community composition, diversity and function in grassland soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2022, 170: 108709 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108709
37	Y J, Guo H J, Di K C, Cameron B, Li A, Podolyan J L, Moir R M, Monaghan L C, Smith M, O’Callaghan S, Bowatte D, Waugh J Z He . Effect of 7-year application of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), on soil microbial biomass, protease and deaminase activities, and the abundance of bacteria and archaea in pasture soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2013, 13(4): 753–759 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-012-0646-2
38	D, Matczuk A Siczek . Effectiveness of the use of urease inhibitors in agriculture: a review. International Agrophysics, 2021, 35(2): 197–208 https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/139714
39	Klein C A, de S, Bowatte P L, Simon J, Arango L M, Cardenas D R, Chadwick J, Pijlman R M, Rees K G, Richards G V, Subbarao D Whitehead . Accelerating the development of biological nitrification inhibition as a viable nitrous oxide mitigation strategy in grazed livestock systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2022, 58(3): 235–240 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-022-01631-2
40	C O, Dimkpa J, Fugice U, Singh T D Lewis . Development of fertilizers for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency—Trends and perspectives. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 731: 139113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139113 pmid: 32438083
41	J, Wiltshire M, Attree D, Carslaw B, Jenkins H, Martineau J Virdo . Ammonia futures: understanding implications for habitats and requirements for uptake of mitigation measures. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2019
42	M D, Young G H, Ros Vries W de . Impacts of agronomic measures on crop, soil, and environmental indicators: a review and synthesis of meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2021, 319: 107551 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551
43	D, Abalos S, Jeffery A, Sanz-Cobena G, Guardia A Vallejo . Meta-analysis of the effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 189: 136–144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.036
44	D, Chadwick S, Sommer R, Thorman D, Fangueiro L, Cardenas B, Amon T Misselbrook . Manure management: implications for greenhouse gas emissions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011, 166−167: 514−531
45	A, Rabii S, Aldin Y, Dahman E Elbeshbishy . A review on anaerobic co-digestion with a focus on the microbial populations and the effect of multi-stage digester configuration. Energies, 2019, 12(6): 1106 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061106
46	C, Riva V, Orzi M, Carozzi M, Acutis G, Boccasile S, Lonati F, Tambone G, D’Imporzano F Adani . Short-term experiments in using digestate products as substitutes for mineral (N) fertilizer: agronomic performance, odours, and ammonia emission impacts. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 547: 206–214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.156 pmid: 26780147
47	M R F, Lee J P, Domingues G A, McAuliffe M, Tichit F, Accatino T Takahashi . Nutrient provision capacity of alternative livestock farming systems per area of arable farmland required. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1): 14975 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93782-9 pmid: 34294736
48	J, Meier M A, Andor F C, Doebbe N R, Haddaway L A Reisch . Review: do green defaults reduce meat consumption?. Food Policy, 2022, 110: 102298 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102298
49	F, Funke L, Mattauch den Bijgaart I, van H C J, Godfray C, Hepburn D, Klenert M, Springmann N Treich . Toward optimal meat pricing: is it time to tax meat consumption. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2022, 16(2): 219–240 https://doi.org/10.1086/721078
50	W, Willett J, Rockström B, Loken M, Springmann T, Lang S, Vermeulen T, Garnett D, Tilman F, DeClerck A, Wood M, Jonell M, Clark L J, Gordon J, Fanzo C, Hawkes R, Zurayk J A, Rivera Vries W, De Sibanda L, Majele A, Afshin A, Chaudhary M, Herrero R, Agustina F, Branca A, Lartey S, Fan B, Crona E, Fox V, Bignet M, Troell T, Lindahl S, Singh S E, Cornell Reddy K, Srinath S, Narain S, Nishtar C J L Murray . Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet, 2019, 393(10170): 447–492 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4 pmid: 30660336
51	H, Westhoek J P, Lesschen T, Rood S, Wagner Marco A, De D, Murphy-Bokern A, Leip Grinsven H, van M A, Sutton O Oenema . Food choices, health and environment: effects of cutting Europe’s meat and dairy intake. Global Environmental Change, 2014, 26: 196–205 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.02.004
52	A, Leip G, Billen J, Garnier B, Grizzetti L, Lassaletta S, Reis D, Simpson M A, Sutton Vries W, de F, Weiss H Westhoek . Impacts of European livestock production: nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and greenhouse gas emissions, land-use, water eutrophication and biodiversity. Environmental Research Letters, 2015, 10(11): 115004 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/115004

[1]	Yifeng ZHANG, Chunfang YANG, Bright OBUOBI, Martin Kobby GRANT. ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITY, VALUE EVOLUTION, AND ORGANIZATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PROFESSIONAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A MULTI-CASE COMPARISON IN CHINA[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2023, 10(1): 135-148.
[2]	Yajuan LI, Qianni HUANG. SMALLHOLDER ADOPTION OF GREEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ON THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN: EVIDENCE FROM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BACKYARDS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(4): 536-546.
[3]	Xiaoxia GUO, Chong WANG, Fusuo ZHANG. CONSTRUCTION OF AN INDEX SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT IN SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(4): 511-522.
[4]	Yu GUO, Ran LI, Peng NING, Xiaoqiang JIAO. A WAY TO SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION THROUGH SCIENTIST−FARMER ENGAGEMENT[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(4): 577-587.
[5]	Jianlin SHEN, Yong LI, Yi WANG, Yanyan LI, Xiao ZHU, Wenqian JIANG, Yuyuan LI, Jinshui WU. SOIL NITROGEN CYCLING AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE SUBTROPICAL HILLY REGION OF CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(3): 407-424.
[6]	Chaopu TI, Xiaoyuan YAN, Longlong XIA, Jingwen HUANG. IMPROVING NITROGEN SAFETY IN CHINA: NITROGEN FLOWS, POLLUTION AND CONTROL[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(3): 465-474.
[7]	Xin ZHANG, Yanyu WANG, Lena SCHULTE-UEBBING, Wim DE VRIES, Tan ZOU, Eric A. DAVIDSON. SUSTAINABLE NITROGEN MANAGEMENT INDEX: DEFINITION, GLOBAL ASSESSMENT AND POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENTS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(3): 356-365.
[8]	Cathryn A. O'SULLIVAN, Elliott G. DUNCAN, Margaret M. ROPER, Alan E. RICHARDSON, John A. KIRKEGAARD, Mark B. PEOPLES. ROOT EXUDATES FROM CANOLA EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION INHIBITION AND ARE EFFECTIVE IN INHIBITING AMMONIA OXIDATION IN SOIL[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(2): 177-186.
[9]	Léa KERVROËDAN, David HOUBEN, Julien GUIDET, Julia DENIER, Anne-Maïmiti DULAURENT, Elisa MARRACCINI, Amandine DELIGEY, Charlotte JOURNEL, Justine LAMERRE, Michel-Pierre FAUCON. AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE BIOENERGY CROPPING SYSTEMS PROMOTING BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(2): 284-294.
[10]	Xiuwei GUO, Manoj Kumar SHUKLA, Di WU, Shichao CHEN, Donghao LI, Taisheng DU. PLANT DENSITY, IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT: THREE MAJOR PRACTICES IN CLOSING YIELD GAPS FOR AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY IN NORTH-WEST CHINA[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(4): 525-544.
[11]	Wen-Feng CONG, Chaochun ZHANG, Chunjie LI, Guangzhou WANG, Fusuo ZHANG. DESIGNING DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN CHINA: THEORY, APPROACHES AND IMPLEMENTATION[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(3): 362-372.
[12]	Hao YANG, Weiping ZHANG, Long LI. INTERCROPPING: FEED MORE PEOPLE AND BUILD MORE SUSTAINABLE AGROECOSYSTEMS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(3): 373-386.
[13]	Qi WANG, Zhanxiang SUN, Wei BAI, Dongsheng ZHANG, Yue ZHANG, Ruonan WANG, Wopke VAN DER WERF, Jochem B. EVERS, Tjeerd-Jan STOMPH, Jianping GUO, Lizhen ZHANG. LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND USE EFFICIENCY DIFFER WITH MAIZE PLANT DENSITY IN MAIZE-PEANUT INTERCROPPING[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(3): 432-446.
[14]	Maryna STROKAL, Annette B.G. JANSSEN, Xinping CHEN, Carolien KROEZE, Fan LI, Lin MA, Huirong YU, Fusuo ZHANG, Mengru WANG. GREEN AGRICULTURE AND BLUE WATER IN CHINA: REINTEGRATING CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION FOR CLEAN WATER[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 72-80.
[15]	Jiafa LUO, Stewart LEDGARD. NEW ZEALAND DAIRY FARM SYSTEMS AND KEY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2021, 8(1): 148-158.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed