Recent advances in antimony removal using carbon-based nanomaterials: A review

doi:10.1007/s11783-021-1482-7

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (4) : 48 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1482-7

REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent advances in antimony removal using carbon-based nanomaterials: A review

Xuemei Hu¹, Shijie You²(

), Fang Li¹, Yanbiao Liu¹(

)

¹. Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
². State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China

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Abstract

• The synthesis and physicochemical properties of various CNMs are reviewed.

• Sb removal using carbon-based nano-adsorbents and membranes are summarized.

• Details on adsorption behavior and mechanisms of Sb uptake by CNMs are discussed.

• Challenges and future prospects for rational design of advanced CNMs are provided.

Recently, special attention has been deserved to environmental risks of antimony (Sb) element that is of highly physiologic toxicity to human. Conventional coagulation and ion exchange methods for Sb removal are faced with challenges of low efficiency, high cost and secondary pollution. Adsorption based on carbon nanomaterials (CNMs; e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and their derivatives) may provide effective alternative because the CNMs have high surface area, rich surface chemistry and high stability. In particular, good conductivity makes it possible to create linkage between adsorption and electrochemistry, thereby the synergistic interaction will be expected for enhanced Sb removal. This review article summarizes the state of art on Sb removal using CNMs with the form of nano-adsorbents and/or filtration membranes. In details, procedures of synthesis and functionalization of different forms of CNMs were reviewed. Next, adsorption behavior and the underlying mechanisms toward Sb removal using various CNMs were presented as resulting from a retrospective analysis of literatures. Last, we prospect the needs for mass production and regeneration of CNMs adsorbents using more affordable precursors and objective assessment of environmental impacts in future studies.

Keywords Antimony Carbon nanomaterials Adsorption Membrane separation

Corresponding Author(s): Shijie You,Yanbiao Liu

Issue Date: 11 August 2021

Cite this article:

Xuemei Hu,Shijie You,Fang Li, et al. Recent advances in antimony removal using carbon-based nanomaterials: A review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(4): 48.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-021-1482-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I4/48

Fig.1 Graphene is the basic building block for other carbon allotropes (Reprint from Wan et al. (2012) with permission of American Chemical Society).

Fig.2 Modification techniques to functionalize carbon-based nano-adsorbents with various functional groups (Reprint from Yang et al. (2019) with permission of Elsevier).

Fig.3 (a) Proposed mechanisms for the adsorption of Sb(III) onto polyamide/graphene. (Adapted from Saleh et al. (2017)). (b) Proposed mechanism for adsorption of Sb (III) on graphite nanoplatelets (Adapted from Capra et al. (2018)).

No.	Adsorbents	Sorption capacities (mg/g)			pH	T (°C)	Initial Concentration (mg/L)	BET surface area (m²/g)	Adsorption isotherm	Kinetics model	References
No.	Adsorbents	Sb_(III)	Sb_(V)	Sb_(total)	pH	T (°C)	Initial Concentration (mg/L)	BET surface area (m²/g)	Adsorption isotherm	Kinetics model	References
1	Graphene	10.9	?	?	11.0	30	1?10	154.4	Langmuir	second-order	Leng et al., 2012
2	Polyamide/Graphene	158.2	?	?	5.0	20	1?25	421	Langmuir	second-order	Saleh et al., 2017
3	GO	36.5	?	?	7.0	25	0?30	315.6	Langmuir	first-order	Yang et al., 2015
4	Graphite Nanoplatelets	18.2	?	?	7.0	20	0?1	205	Langmuir	second-order	Capra et al., 2018
5	GO/Schwertmannite	?	158.6	?	7.0	25	0?60	287.6	Langmuir	second-order	Dong et al., 2015
6	Fe₃O₄/GO	9.6	?	?	7.0	25	0?500	?	Langmuir	first-order	Yang et al., 2017
7	rGO/Mn₃O₄	151.8	105.5	?	6.8	20	10?1000	44	Langmuir	second-order	Zou et al., 2016
8	Co₃O₄/rGO	151.0	165.5	?	?	25	0?280	53.6	Langmuir	second-order	Jiang et al, 2020
9	CNT	0.3	?	?	7.0	25	4	89.2	Langmuir	second-order	Salam & Mohamed, 2013
10	Iodide-functionalized CNT	200.0	?	?	7.0	25	10?100	105.8	Langmuir	second-order	Mishra & Sankararamakrishnan, 2018
11	Thiol-functionalized CNT	140.9	?	?	7.0	25	10?100	111.9	Langmuir	second-order	Mishra & Sankararamakrishnan, 2018
12	nZVI/CNT	250.0	?	?	5.0	25	0?200	132	Langmuir	second-order	Mishra et al., 2016
13	Fe₂O₃/CNT	6.2	?	?	7.0	25	0?3.2	96.9	Freundlich	first-order	Yu et al., 2013
14	Biochar	85%	68%	?	5.0	25	0.5?5.0	20.2	Langmuir	?	Vithanage et al., 2015
15	Ce-doped magnetic biochar	?	25.0	?	7.5	25	10?100	230.7	Langmuir	second-order	Wang et al., 2019
16	MnFe₂O₄/biochar	237.5	?	?	7.0	25	25–500	30.4	Langmuir	second-order	Wang et al., 2018c
17	La-doped magnetic biochar	?	18.9	?	7.0	25	10–100	287.1	Langmuir	second-order	Wang et al., 2018b
18	Fe₃O₄/Fe₂O₃/carbon nanosphere	234.3	?	?	5.0	20	100?1000	192.6	Langmuir	second-order	Ren et al., 2020
19	Fe₂O₃/carbon nanosphere	102.8	?	?	5.0	20	10?200	134.9	Langmuir	second-order	Ren et al., 2020
20	Iron oxides/carbon nanosphere	233.6	?	?	6.0	20	50?1000	88.3	Langmuir	second-order	Wang et al., 2018a
21	FeCl₃/activated carbon	2.6	?	?	7	25	0.5?3.5	940.0	Langmuir	first-order	Yu et al., 2014
22	ZrO₂-carbon nanofiber	70.8	57.2	?	7	25	10?500	106.3	Langmuir	second-order	Luo et al., 2015
23	TiO₂-CNT (filter)	?	?	95	7	25	0?12	178	Langmuir	second-order	Liu et al., 2019c
24	Titanate-CNT (filter)	?	?	82.4	7	25	0?5	128.6	Langmuir	second-order	Liu et al., 2019b
25	MIL-88B(Fe)-CNT (filter)	?	?	13.1	7	25	1	382.3	Langmuir	first-order	Li et al., 2020
26	Goethite/CNT (filter)	?	?	63.5	7	25	0-5	98.1	Langmuir	first-order	Hu et al., 2021

Tab.1 Applications of carbon-based nanomaterials for the removal of antimony.

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the formation of Ce-doped magnetic biochar and its mechanisms for Sb(V) adsorption. Adapted from Wang et al. (2019).

Fig.5 Adsorption isotherm with different temperatures for (a) Sb(III) and (b) Sb(V) on ZCN. (c) Proposed mechanisms for the adsorption of Sb(III)/Sb(V) onto ZCN. Adapted from Luo et al. (2015).

Fig.6 (a) Schematic illustration of the proposed working mechanism toward Sb(III) removal using the electrochemical filtration system (Reprint from Liu et al. (2019c) with permission of American Chemical Society). Effect of (b) applied voltage (0-2 V) and (c) pH (3-11) on Sb (III) sorption (Reprint from Liu et al. (2019c) with permission of American Chemical Society). (d) Schematic illustration of the plausible photoelectrochemical decontamination mechanism of Sb(III) (Reprint from Li et al. (2020) with permission of Elsevier).

Fig.7 Schematic approach for Cu adsorption-electrodesorption process on CNT (Adapted from Ganzoury et al. (2020)).

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