The inactivation of bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174 by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Resistance difference and mechanisms

doi:10.1007/s11783-022-1529-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2022, Vol. 16

Issue (8) : 108 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-022-1529-4

RESEARCH ARTICLE

The inactivation of bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174 by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Resistance difference and mechanisms

Rong Cheng¹, Yingying Zhang¹, Tao Zhang¹, Feng Hou², Xiaoxin Cao², Lei Shi¹, Peiwen Jiang¹, Xiang Zheng¹(

), Jianlong Wang³(

)

¹. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
². China Water Environment Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 101101, China
³. Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

• The resistance of phage PhiX174 to nZVI was much stronger than that of MS2.

• The nZVI damaged the surface proteins of both bacteriophages.

• The nZVI could destroy the nucleic acid of MS2, but not that of PhiX174.

•The phage inactivation was mainly attributed to the damage of the nucleic acid.

Pathogenic enteric viruses pose a significant risk to human health. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), a novel material for environmental remediation, has been shown to be a promising tool for disinfection. However, the existing research has typically utilized MS2 or f2 bacteriophages to investigate the antimicrobial properties of nZVI, and the resistance difference between bacteriophages, which is important for the application of disinfection technologies, is not yet understood. Here, MS2 and PhiX174 containing RNA and DNA, respectively, were used as model viruses to investigate the resistances to nZVI. The bacteriophage inactivation mechanisms were also discussed using TEM images, protein, and nucleic acid analysis. The results showed that an initial concentration of 10⁶ PFU/mL of MS2 could be completely inactivated within 240 min by 40 mg/L nZVI at pH 7, whereas the complete inactivation of PhiX174 could not be achieved by extending the reaction time, increasing the nZVI dosage, or changing the dosing means. This indicates that the resistance of phage PhiX174 to nZVI was much stronger than that of MS2. TEM images indicated that the viral particle shape was distorted, and the capsid shell was ruptured by nZVI. The damage to viral surface proteins in both phages was examined by three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). However, the nucleic acid analysis demonstrated that the nucleic acid of MS2, but not PhiX174, was destroyed. It indicated that bacteriophage inactivation was mainly attributed to the damage of nucleic acids.

Keywords Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) MS2 PhiΧ174 Resistance Inactivation Pathogenic microorganisms

Corresponding Author(s): Xiang Zheng,Jianlong Wang

About author:

Tongcan Cui and Yizhe Hou contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 07 January 2022

Cite this article:

Rong Cheng,Yingying Zhang,Tao Zhang, et al. The inactivation of bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174 by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Resistance difference and mechanisms[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(8): 108.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-022-1529-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2022/V16/I8/108

Fig.1 The bacteriophage inactivation under different pH values. Initial conditions: nZVI= 40 mg/L, T = 25 °C, shaking frequency= 100 r/min, bacteriophage concentration: 10⁶ PFU/mL.

Fig.2 The bacteriophage inactivation by nZVI. Initial conditions: nZVI= 40 mg/L, pH= 7.0, T = 25 °C, shaking frequency= 100 r/min, bacteriophage concentration: 10⁶ PFU/mL.

Fig.3 Inactivation of bacteriophage by nZVI with different doses. Initial conditions: pH= 7.0, T = 25 °C, shaking frequency= 100 r/min, bacteriophage concentration: 10⁶ PFU/mL.

Fig.4 Inactivation of PhiX174 by adding nZVI segmentally. “× 2” means added the same nZVI as the initial dose. Initial conditions: T = 25 °C, shaking frequency= 100 r/min, bacteriophage concentration: 10⁶ PFU/mL.

Fig.5 Inactivation of bacteriophage PhiX174 by nZVI. Reaction time: 24 h. Reaction conditions: T = 25 °C, shaking frequency= 100 r/min.

Fig.6 Inactivation of bacteriophage by nZVI with different bacteriophage concentrations. (a) PhiX174, (b) MS2. Initial conditions: nZVI=40 mg/L pH= 7.0, T = 25 °C, shaking frequency= 100 r/min.

Fig.7 TEM images of phage MS2 and PhiX174: (a) (d) before reaction; after reaction with nZVI for (b) (e) 2 h; (c) (f) 4 h.

Fig.8 Three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum of bacteriophage MS2 and PhiX174: (a) (d) before reaction; after reaction with nZVI for (b) (e) 2 h; (c) (f) 4 h.

Fig.9 SDS-polyacrylamide gel image of the nZVI-treated and untreated (control) MS2 (a) and PhiX174 (b) surface proteins. Lanes: M, protein maker; 1, untreated bacteriophage control; 2, nZVI-treated bacteriophage proteins for 8 h; 3, nZVI-treated bacteriophage proteins for 24 h. Red arrow, replicase protein (60 kDa); blue arrow, maturation protein (40 kDa).

Fig.10 Leakage and destruction of nucleic acid of bacteriophage MS2 (a) and PhiX174 (b) during treatment by nZVI. Lanes: M, maker, 1: untreated bacteriophage control, 2: nZVI-treated for 8 h, 3: nZVI-treated for 24 h, 4: nZVI-treated for 48 h.

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