Nonpolar cross-stacked super-aligned carbon nanotube membrane for efficient wastewater treatment

doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1630-3

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2023, Vol. 17

Issue (3) : 30 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1630-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Nonpolar cross-stacked super-aligned carbon nanotube membrane for efficient wastewater treatment

Shuang Zhang^1,², Shuai Liang^1,²(

), Yifan Gao³, Yang Wu⁴, Xia Huang³

¹. Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
². Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
³. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
⁴. Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

● A novel nonpolar super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) membrane was prepared.

● SACNT membranes achieved smoother and more uniform structures.

● SACNT membranes have inert chemistry and unique nonpolar wetting feature.

● SACNT membranes exhibit superior separation and antifouling capabilities.

● SACNT membranes achieved superior oil/water separation efficiency.

Membrane separation technology has made great progress in various practical applications, but the unsatisfactory separation performance of prevailing membrane materials hampers its further sustainable growth. This study proposed a novel nonpolar super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) membrane, which was prepared with a layer-by-layer cross-stacking method. Through controlling the number of stacked SACNT layers, three kinds of SACNT membranes (SACNT_200, SACNT_300, and SACNT_400) were prepared. Systematic characterizations and filtration tests were performed to investigate their physico-chemical properties, surface wetting behavior, and filtration performance. Compared with two commercial membranes (Com_0.22 and Com_0.45), all the SACNT membranes achieved smoother and more uniform structures. Due to the hexagonal graphene structure of CNTs, the surface chemistry of the SACNT membranes is simple and inert, thereby potentially eliminating the covalent-bonding-induced membrane fouling. Besides, the SACNT membranes exhibited a typical nonpolar wetting behavior, with high contact angles for polar liquids (water: ~124.9°–126.5°; formamide: ~80.0°–83.9°) but low contact angles for nonpolar diiodomethane (~18.8°–20.9°). This unique nonpolar feature potentially leads to weak interactions with polar substances. Furthermore, compared with the commercial membranes, the SACNT membranes obtained a significantly higher selectivity while achieving a comparable or higher permeability (depending on the number of stacked layers). Moreover, the SACNT membranes exhibited superior separation performance in various application scenarios, including municipal wastewater treatment (> 2.3 times higher cleaning efficiency), electro-assistant fouling inhibition (or even self-cleaning), and oil/water separation (> 99.2 % of separation efficiency), suggesting promising application prospects in various fields.

Keywords Membrane fouling Wastewater Membrane separation Antifouling Aligned carbon nanotube

Corresponding Author(s): Shuai Liang

About author: Tongcan Cui and Yizhe Hou contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 19 September 2022

Cite this article:

Shuang Zhang,Shuai Liang,Yifan Gao, et al. Nonpolar cross-stacked super-aligned carbon nanotube membrane for efficient wastewater treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(3): 30.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-023-1630-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2023/V17/I3/30

Fig.1 Schematic illustrating the fabrication process of the super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) membrane via a layer-by-layer cross-stacking strategy. Photographs of a prepared flexible and self-supported membrane are included.

Tab.1 Chemistry of the synthetic municipal wastewater

Fig.2 SEM top views of the (a) SACNT_200, (b) SACNT_300, (c) SACNT_400, (d) Com_0.22 PVDF, and (e) Com_0.45 PVDF membranes. (f) Comparison of elemental compositions among the typical SACNT membrane (taking SACNT_200 as a representative) and commercial membranes.

Fig.3 Surface morphology by AFM of the (a) SACNT_200, (b) SACNT_300, (c) SACNT_400, (d) Com_0.22, and (e) Com_0.45 membranes. (f) Comparison in terms of three surface Roughness parameter (i.e., R_RMS, R_max/10, and R_a) among these membranes.

Fig.4 Comparison of the FTIR spectra among the SACNT_200, SACNT_300, SACNT_400, Com_0.22 PVDF, and Com_0.45 PVDF membranes.

Fig.5 Comparison of surface wetting behavior in terms of static contact angles measured with three different liquids (i.e., DI water, formamide, and diiodomethane) among the SACNT_200, SACNT_300, SACNT_400, Com_0.22, and Com_0.45 membranes.

Fig.6 Comparison of pure water permeability and selectivity in terms of molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) among the SACNT_200, SACNT_300, SACNT_400, Com_0.22, and Com_0.45 membranes.

Fig.7 (a) Comparison of membrane fouling behavior among the SACNT_200, SACNT_300, SACNT_400, and Com_0.22 membranes in the three-cycle filtration tests using the synthetic municipal wastewater (Tab.1). (b) Comparison of calculated cleaning efficiency (η) in the three-cycle filtration tests. (c) Electro-assistant antifouling performance of the SACNT_200 membrane (as a representative). (d) Oil-water separation performance of the SACNT_200 membrane in the three-cycle separation test using oil-in-water emulsion. (e) Calculated separation efficiency in the three-cycle oil-water separation test.

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