Plant stem cells and their regulations in shoot apical meristems

doi:10.1007/s11515-010-0880-1

Front Biol

2010, Vol. 5

Issue (5) : 417-423 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-010-0880-1

REVIEW

Plant stem cells and their regulations in shoot apical meristems

Chun-Ming LIU(

), Yuxin HU(

)

Center for Signal Transduction & Metabolomics, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

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Abstract

Stem cells in plants, established during embryogenesis, are located in the centers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the root apical meristem (RAM). Stem cells in SAM have a capacity to renew themselves and to produce new organs and tissues indefinitely. Although fully differentiated organs such as leaves do not contain stem cells, cells in such organs do have the capacity to re-establish new stem cells, especially under the induction of phytohormones in vitro. Cytokinin and auxin are critical in creating position signals in the SAM to maintain the stem cell organizing center and to position the new organ primordia, respectively. This review addresses the distinct features of plant stem cells and focuses on how stem cell renewal and differentiation are regulated in SAMs.

Keywords plant stem cell shoot apical meristem root apical meristem

Corresponding Author(s): LIU Chun-Ming,Email:cmliu@ibcas.ac.cn; HU Yuxin,Email:huyuxin@ibcas.ac.cn

Issue Date: 01 October 2010

Cite this article:

Chun-Ming LIU,Yuxin HU. Plant stem cells and their regulations in shoot apical meristems[J]. Front Biol, 2010, 5(5): 417-423.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-010-0880-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2010/V5/I5/417

Fig.1 Structures of shoot apical meristem (SAM, upper) and root apical meristem (RAM, below) are shown. Stem cells (in cyan) in SAM are cells located in the central zone, occupying the L1, L2 and upper L3 layers; while stem cells in RAM are cells with direct contacts with stem cell organizing center. Stem cell organizing center (in red) in SAM is located in the L3 layer of the central zone; the organizing center in RAM is quiescent center, which usually contains 4 cells in Arabidopsis. Stem cells and the cells in organizing center are usually vacuolated and slowly dividable.

Fig.2 The phenotypes of the () mutants. The photos show the size of SAMs (left) and the shape of siliques (right) of wild type (A) and mutant (B). Note the greatly enlarged SAM and increased carpel number in .

Fig.3 Schematic representation of the stem cell regulation machinery in shoot apical meristem. Stem cells (cyan) are marked by the expression of , while stem cell organizing center is marked by the expression of (red). The mobile peptide ligand CLV3 produced by stem cells provides a stem cell-restricting signal that is perceived by CLV1 receptor kinases in cells below. The signal is then delivered to over-lapping stem cell organizing center cells to repress the expression of . WUS is a stem cell-promoting signal that enhances the expression of . In such, CLV and WUS together build a negative feedback regulation loop to maintain the proper number of stem cells in SAM. A high level of cytokinin (pink) located in the center of SAM may provide a position signal to maintain the WUS domain.

Fig.4 The CLV3-WUS signal transduction pathway. CLV3 preproproteins produced by stem cells are secreted to intercellular spaces and then cleaved to a small peptide, further processed by SOL1 carboxylpeptidases, modified by hydroxylation and glycosylation. The peptide signal is most likely perceived by either a CLV1 homodimer and a CLV2-CRN heterodimer or a multimeric complex containing CLV1, CLV2 and CRN, which then repress the expression of in stem cell organizing center cells.

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